The Assessment of Everyday Functioning Using the Present Functioning Questionnaire and the Functional Rating Scale in Elderly Samples

Crockett, David J.; Tuokko, Holly; Koch, William L.; Parks, Randolph W.

doi:10.1300/j018v08n03_02

Cited by 40 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…All patients had detailed clinical evaluations at inception and subsequent visits, including: (1) the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) [18] -used as a general measure of cognitive impairment, (2) the Functional Rating Scale (FRS) [19,20] -used as a measure of global severity of dementia, and (3) the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale (CIRS) [21,22] -used to assess co-morbid medical conditions. Other assessments, where there were available informants, included the Disability Assessment for Dementia (DAD) [23] , and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) [24] .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outcomes of Cognitively Impaired Not Demented at 2 Years in the Canadian Cohort Study of Cognitive Impairment and Related Dementias

Hsiung

Donald

Grand

et al. 2006

Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord

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Background: People who are cognitively impaired not demented (CIND) can be at an increased risk for developing dementia, but little is known about the natural history of CIND in clinical settings. Method: We examined the 2-year outcome of CIND subjects in the Canadian Cohort Study of Cognitive Impairment and Related Dementias.CIND was diagnosed when at least one positive item was endorsed on the DSM-III-R dementia criteria, but not all criteria were met. CIND was further subclassified as: pre-Alzheimer’s disease (pre-AD), vascular cognitive impairment (VCI-ND), non-AD degenerative, psychiatric, other neurologic, other medical conditions, mixed disorders and no etiology identified (not otherwise specified [NOS]). Result: Of 146 CIND patients with 2-year follow-up data available, 49 (34%) progressed to dementia, while 20 (14%) recovered to not cognitively impaired (NCI). Progressors were significantly older than stable CIND and reverters (p < 0.0001; mean age = 71.1, 64.3, and 59.1, respectively), and there were significantly (p = 0.001) more ApoE Ε4 carriers among progressors (67%) than stable CIND (29%) and reverters (12%). Pre-AD CIND and VCI-ND had the highest rate of conversion to dementia (41.0 and 40.0%, respectively), while psychiatric CIND and CIND NOS had highest rate of recovery to NCI (20.0 and 30.0%, respectively). All conversions in pre-AD CIND were to ‘probable AD’. Conclusion: CIND consists of a heterogeneous group of disorders that can be classified syndromically. Many subclassess – not just those with pre-AD CIND – are at high risk of progression to dementia, usually to Alzheimer’s disease.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outcomes of Cognitively Impaired Not Demented at 2 Years in the Canadian Cohort Study of Cognitive Impairment and Related Dementias

Hsiung

Donald

Grand

et al. 2006

Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord

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“…This checklist included items from the Hachinski Ischemic Score, as well as the California and NINDS-AIREN criteria for VaD [18][19][20]. The Functional Rating Scale (FRS) [21][22][23], a multidomain staging scale derived from the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale [24], was used as a measure of global severity and the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale [25] to evaluate comorbid medical conditions. Informant-based interviews included the Disability Assessment for Dementia (DAD) [26], the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) [27], the Frontotemporal Behavioral Inventory [28], Caregiver Burden Scale [29] and Quality of Life Short Form 36 [30].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Canadian Cohort Study of Cognitive Impairment and Related Dementias (ACCORD): Study Methods and Baseline Results

Feldman¹,

Levy²,

Hsiung³

et al. 2003

Neuroepidemiology

127

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The overall objective of the Canadian Collaborative Cohort of Related Dementias (ACCORD) study is to describe the diagnostic distribution, natural history and treatment outcomes of individuals referred from the community to dementia clinics in Canada. Between 1997 and 1999, an inception cohort of 1,136 subjects entered into this longitudinal study. At the baseline assessment, 10.9% of the subjects were classified as ‘not cognitively impaired’ (NCI), 30.1% as ‘cognitively impaired not demented’ (CIND), and 59% as demented. A subclassification of CIND included amnestic 25.1%, vascular cognitive impairment 18.1%, psychiatric 17.2%, neurologic 7.3%, medical/toxic metabolic 3.5%, mixed 7.6% and not specified 19.0%. The percentage of the cohort referred with dementia increased progressively each decade, while the proportions of CIND and NCI decreased. Within the dementia group, Alzheimer’s disease accounted for 47.2% of the subjects, mixed dementias 33.7%, vascular dementia 8.7%, frontotemporal degenerations 5.4%, dementia with Lewy bodies 2.5%, and unclassifiable 1.8%. The ACCORD cohort will allow a detailed study of the longitudinal course of CIND, and the longer-term outcomes of both treated and untreated dementia subjects.

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“…We also rou tinely obtain information from the patient, family members and other collateral sources to complete the evaluation of functional sta tus. The Functional Rating Scale (FRS), an 8-item instrument that has an interrater reliability ranging from 0.63 to 0.96 with docu mented concurrent validity and discriminant validity [13], is also completed by the multidisciplinary' team for every patient. The rel evant 5-point scales (scores increase with disability) of the FRS that we used for this study are: social and occupational functioning, home and hobbies, and personal care.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depression in Dementia: Its Impact on Functional Ability

Agbayewa

Weir

Tuokko

et al. 1991

Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord

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Dementia and depression both affect the ability to function. There is little information on how these two disorders affect the abilities of Alzheimer disease (AD) patients to perform instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). We explored this at the Clinic for Alzheimer''s Disease and Related Disorders at the University Hospital, UBC Site in Vancouver, Canada. Using the DSM IIIR and NINCDS-ADRDA criteria, we identified patients who met the criteria for AD and subdivided them into depressed and nondepressed based on the presence of major depression. These groups were then compared on their abilities in functional abilities and Minimental State Examination scores (MMSE). The sample consists of 14 depressed and 88 nondepressed AD patients. They did not significantly differ in age, social and occupational functioning, home and hobbies, personal care and measures of instrumental activities of daily living. The depressed group had symptoms for shorter periods of time (t = 3.52, d.f. = 36.52, p = 0.001) and higher MMSE scores (t = 2.63, d.f. = 100, p = 0.01). The two groups were further subdivided into two groups each based on ability to perform an IADL. MMSE scores differed significantly among the four resultant groups for all IADLs. There was no interaction between depression and ability to perform any of the IADLs. We conclude that the effect of dementia on IADLs was too dominant for depression to exert any further effect. The effect of depression often observed in the physically disabled may not be duplicated in the demented because of the different natures of the disabilities.

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The Assessment of Everyday Functioning Using the Present Functioning Questionnaire and the Functional Rating Scale in Elderly Samples

Cited by 40 publications

References 11 publications

Outcomes of Cognitively Impaired Not Demented at 2 Years in the Canadian Cohort Study of Cognitive Impairment and Related Dementias

Outcomes of Cognitively Impaired Not Demented at 2 Years in the Canadian Cohort Study of Cognitive Impairment and Related Dementias

A Canadian Cohort Study of Cognitive Impairment and Related Dementias (ACCORD): Study Methods and Baseline Results

Depression in Dementia: Its Impact on Functional Ability

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