The Assessment of Accessory Mental Foramina Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography

Abstract

A new sildenafil analogue was found to have been added illegally to a dietary supplement marketed for the enhancement of sexual function. The structure was determined as 5- (2-ethoxy-5-{[4-(3,5-Owing to the inclusion of a dimethyl group in acetildenafil, the detected compound was called dimethylacetildenafil. The sample was purified with column chromatography. The IR, LC/MS (ESI), and completely assigned NMR data of dimethylacetildenafil are reported for the first time. The structure was compared with that of acetildenafil and the results showed that the ethyl substitution at the 4-position of the piperazine ring had been replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl substitution. This new acetildenafil analogue was isolated and identified for the first time.

The clinical anatomy of accessory mental nerves and foramina

“…AMFs have been observed using various methods. The number of studies using CT has increased drastically (Katakami et al, 2008;Haktanır et al, 2010;Oliveira-Santos et al, 2011;Kalender et al, 2012;G € oregen et al, 2013;Orhan et al, 2013;Tomograf ıa, 2013;Imada et al, 2014), especially since the development of CBCT, and the incidence of AMFs in CT studies is 2.0-11.9%. The number of studies using CT has increased drastically (Katakami et al, 2008;Haktanır et al, 2010;Oliveira-Santos et al, 2011;Kalender et al, 2012;G € oregen et al, 2013;Orhan et al, 2013;Tomograf ıa, 2013;Imada et al, 2014), especially since the development of CBCT, and the incidence of AMFs in CT studies is 2.0-11.9%.…”

“…Gross anatomical observation of the dry skull is the classical method, in which the incidence is 5.5-13% (Prabodha and Nanayakkara, 2006;Singh and Srivastav, 2010;Gupta and Soni, 2012;Budhiraja et al, 2013;Udhaya et al, 2013;Zarei et al, 2013;Shukla et al, 2015). The number of studies using CT has increased drastically (Katakami et al, 2008;Haktanır et al, 2010;Oliveira-Santos et al, 2011;Kalender et al, 2012;G € oregen et al, 2013;Orhan et al, 2013;Tomograf ıa, 2013;Imada et al, 2014), especially since the development of CBCT, and the incidence of AMFs in CT studies is 2.0-11.9%. There seems to be no difference between anatomical studies and CBCT observations in the incidence of AMFs.…”

“…The mean distance between the MF and AMFs ranges from 0.67 mm to 6.3 mm (Prabodha and Nanayakkara, 2006;Katakami et al, 2008;Gupta and Soni, 2012;Kalender et al, 2012;Sisman et al, 2012;G € oregen et al, 2013;Jaju, 2013). …”

“…It emerges from the mandibular bone at the mental foramen (MF) and divides beneath the depressor anguli oris muscle into three branches: one distributed to the skin of the chin, the other two to the skin and mucous membrane of the lower lip (Clemente, 1984). Many studies (Kamijo, 1967;Clemente, 1984;Alsaad et al, 2003;G € oregen et al, 2013) have described the distribution of the MN. Kamijo (1967) described oral anatomy in detail, providing a valuable resource for dentists.…”

“…The incidence of AMFs ranges from 2.0% to 13.0%, as detected using radiological images, gross anatomical dissection, and observation of dry skulls (Roopa et al, 2002;Prabodha and Nanayakkara, 2006;Singh and Srivastav, 2010;Singh and Srivastav, 2011;Gupta and Soni, 2012;Udhaya et al, 2013;Zarei et al, 2013;Shukla et al, 2015). Since the development of three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) it has become easier to detect AMFs, and many researchers have reported details of them such as location, size, number, and relationship to the mandibular canal (Gershenson et al, 1986;Roopa et al, 2002;Prabodha and Nanayakkara, 2006;Al-Khateeb et al, 2007;Katakami et al, 2008;Haktanır et al, 2010;Singh and Srivastav, 2010;Naitoh et al, 2011;Oliveira-Santos et al, 2011;Singh and Srivastav, 2011;Gupta and Soni, 2012;Kalender et al, 2012;Sisman et al, 2012;G € oregen et al, 2013;Orhan et al, 2013;Udhaya et al, 2013;Zarei et al, 2013;Hoque et al, 2014;Imada et al, 2014;Neves et al, 2014;Paraskevas et al, 2014). However, clinicians are also interested in information about the most frequent sites, whether AMFs can be detected on panoramic images, whether AMNs that derive from the AMFs can be injured, and what happens in such an event.…”