The Asian Colobinae (Mammalia: Cercopithecidae) as indicators of Quaternary climatic change

Brandon-Jones, Douglas

doi:10.1006/bijl.1996.0068

Cited by 62 publications

(103 citation statements)

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“…3). This is also consistent with Brandon-Jones' (1996) theory that langurs retreated south into relic forests during deforestation events in the north. However, the timing of the events does not agree with that which Brandon-Jones (1996) postulated, i.e., during the Pleistocene glaciations 190,000 BP and 80,000 BP.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…We focus on the climatic changes and the effect they had on the emergence of golden langurs as a distinct species. Brandon-Jones (1996) wrote that 2 cycles of deforestation due to dry conditions during the Pleistocene glaciations 190,000 and 80,000 years before present (BP) extirpated many species in Asia, and only the ones in moist warm refugia survived to recolonize the vacant areas during interglacials. In particular, he wrote that Semnopithecus was confined to refugia in south India and Trachypithecus in southwest China.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Adapted fromBaker et al 2000;Brandon-Jones 1996;Karanth 2000;Oates and Davies 1994;Wangchuk et al 2004).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Emergence of an Endangered Species: Evolution and Phylogeny of the Trachypithecus geei of Bhutan

2008

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Golden langurs (Trachypithecus geei) are an endangered primate species in Bhutan. We discuss their evolution in terms of phylogeny, ecology, and biogeography. We test the hypothesis that rivers and mountains in Bhutan isolated a population of capped langurs (Trachypithecus pileatus) that later speciated into the morphologically distinct T. geei. Trachypithecus, the genus to which both capped and golden langurs belong, spread north from a paleorefuge in south China, and Semnopithecus (gray langurs) spread east and northward from a refuge in south India. We show that the 2 genera both arrived in Bhutan and were separated from each other by the Sunkosh River and Black Mountains. Likewise, a population of capped langurs isolated from parental populations by rivers speciated into the distinct golden langurs. We conducted field surveys covering the entire range of langurs in Bhutan. The Sunkosh River and Black Mountain range in west Bhutan isolate gray langurs and golden langurs from each other. In the east, the Manas River system (Manas-Mangde) served as a barrier between golden and capped langurs. However, it is an imperfect barrier and a contact zone between the 2 species occurred on the banks of the Mangde River. Second, we reconstructed the evolutionary history of the langurs of Bhutan via molecular phylogenetic tools. We sequenced the cytochrome b region (cyt b) of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to model a phylogeny. It revealed the distinct evolutionary paths of the golden, capped, and gray langurs. As predicted, golden and capped langurs are closely related to each other and to other species in Trachypithecus from Southeast Asia. The gray langur of Bhutan grouped into a distinct clade with conspecifics in Semnopithecus from India and Nepal. The south Indian clade of gray langurs is more ancient, with the Bhutan and Nepal gray langurs having diverged later, which fits with the glacial models of Int J Primatol (ice sheet retreats and colonization of South Asia by gray langurs from south India north toward the Himalayas. Likewise, the golden and capped langur clade are the most derived and divergent from the older groups of Trachypithecus in Southeast Asia, which also fits with paleorefuge models of recolonization by Trachypithecus into the rest of Southeast Asia and north toward the Himalayas from paleorefuges in Southeast Asia. As predicted, golden and capped langurs are closely related to each other and gray langurs are only distantly related to them. The divergence between capped and golden langurs is more recent, while the split between Trachypithecus and Semnopithecus is more ancient and took place before the Pliocene.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Emergence of an Endangered Species: Evolution and Phylogeny of the Trachypithecus geei of Bhutan

2008

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“…The shift in douc species along the Truong Son Range occurs along too small of a scale, however, to be considered the result of a change from subtropical to tropical environments. Brandon-Jones (1996) suggested that the distribution of the doucs might reflect changes in forest type related to past Quaternary climatic shifts. Beginning in the Tertiary period, the global climate cooled and became drier, and rain forests in more seasonal regions were replaced by grasslands (Sterling and Hurley 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological Niche Conservatism in Doucs (Genus Pygathrix)

2012

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The impressive diversity and unique distribution of primate taxa in Southeast Asia creates a region of interesting biogeography and evolutionary history that remains poorly understood. The three species in the Asian colobine genus Pygathrix (P. cinerea, P. nemaeus, and P. nigripes) appear to follow the unique distribution pattern, replacing one another along the north-south axis. However, the evolutionary history and taxonomic status within Pygathrix is currently debated. We constructed climate-based ecological niche models (ENMs) for the three species, using six environmental variables, to confirm that the bioclimate envelopes of Pygathrix cinerea, P. nemaeus, and P. nigripes follow the north-south gradient. We also used the ENMs to test whether the three species lack ecological exchangeability, meaning differentiation among factors that define the fundamental niche, and whether they exhibit ecological niche conservatism, or the tendency for related species to differ less ecologically than might be expected by the climate available to each species. Our ENMs for Pygathrix followed a north-south gradient as expected, with P. nemaeus extending from ca. 14°N to 21°N, P. cinerea from 14°N to 16°N, and P. nigripes from 11°N to 13.5°N. This study presents the first use of ENMs for doucs that yield Int J Primatol (2012) 33:972-988 significant predictive ability based only on climatic variables. The models are significantly different for all three species, supporting a lack of ecological exchangeability between them, as well as the recent elevation of Pygathrix cinerea to species status. Importantly, Pygathrix cinerea and P. nemaeus show evidence of ecological niche conservatism, which lends support to the occurrence of an allopatric speciation event. This result also suggests that the current overlapping distribution of Pygathrix cinerea and P. nemaeus is the result of secondary contact. The north-south distribution gradient, which exists in similar form among other groups of sister taxa in the region, may be attributed to a zoogeographic barrier, vicariance, or current or historical climatic shifts.

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“…Analysis is at the generic level, because it is more reasonable to assume the former presence of individual genera than of individual species on islands on which the taxa no longer occur, especially with the complexities introduced by regional changes in climate and vegetation type, and hence distribution of species, over the period of sea-level rise (Heaney, 1991;Brandon-Jones, 1996;Jablonski et al, 2000). Indeed the distributions of all genera but one (or two, depending on the taxonomy) extend either outside of the Sunda region, or over islands on which the genus is no longer found (Harcourt, 2001).…”

Section: Taxonomic Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Empirical estimates of minimum viable population sizes for primates: tens to tens of thousands?

Harcourt

2002

Animal Conservation

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Theoretical estimates of long-term minimum viable population (MVP) sizes for mammals indicate MVPs of tens of thousands, even a million. However, data to test the theoretical estimates are effectively non-existent. I here use information on distributions of primates on islands of southeast Asia to provide empirical estimates of the size of multi-millennial MVPs following the post-Pleistocene insularization in the Sunda region. Small Sunda region islands have fewer taxa than do large ones. Assuming extinction on the small islands, the MVP size is somewhere between the population size on the smallest island on which the taxon is extant and that on the largest island on which the taxon no longer exists (population size calculated as density of taxon by area of land available). Results for eight to ten genera (depending on the taxonomy) on 35 islands indicate MVPs of perhaps a few score for Nycticebus (loris) and Macaca (macaque) to several thousands, or scores of thousands, for Pongo (orang-utan) and Symphalangus (siamang). Large-bodied taxa have significantly larger MVPs than do small-bodied taxa. Only four protected areas in southeast Asia are large enough to conserve the smaller MVPs of the siamang and orang-utan.

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The Asian Colobinae (Mammalia: Cercopithecidae) as indicators of Quaternary climatic change

Cited by 62 publications

References 0 publications

The Emergence of an Endangered Species: Evolution and Phylogeny of the Trachypithecus geei of Bhutan

The Emergence of an Endangered Species: Evolution and Phylogeny of the Trachypithecus geei of Bhutan

Ecological Niche Conservatism in Doucs (Genus Pygathrix)

Empirical estimates of minimum viable population sizes for primates: tens to tens of thousands?

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