The Asian American Racism-Related Stress Inventory: Development, Factor Analysis, Reliability, and Validity.

Abstract

The development of the 29-item Asian American Racism-Related Stress Inventory (AARRSI) is presented. In the first study, data from 161 Asian American respondents were subjected to an exploratory factor analysis, which yielded 3 subscales composed of Socio-Historical Racism (14 items), General Racism (8 items), and Perpetual Foreigner Racism (7 items). The data also revealed initial evidence of AARRSI's reliability and concurrent and discriminant validity. In the second study, data from 142 Asian American respondents were subjected to a confirmatory factor analysis, which provided support for the factor structure derived from the first study. Additional evidence of AARRSI's reliability and concurrent and discriminant validity were also found. In the third study, data from 38 Asian American respondents yielded evidence of AARRSI's test-retest reliability.

A Psychometric Revision of the Asian Values Scale Using the Rasch Model

“…These studies were Chung, Kim, and Abreu (2004); Kim and Atkinson (2002); Kim et al (1999); ; Kim, Hill, et al (2003); Kim, Li, and Ng (2003); Kim and Omizo (2003);and Liang, Li, and Kim (2004).…”

Racial Discrimination and Substance Use among Korean American Adolescents

“…Until the 1990s, generally it was thought that the target of racial discrimination was African Americans even if others were targeted as well. However, there have been increased reports of anti-Asian incidents in the past two decades (Liang, Li, & Kim, 2004) as the Asian immigrant population has rapidly grown. Several studies have reported a strong relationship between perceived racial discrimination and mental health, even if no actual discrimination existed (Juang & Cookston, 2009;Noh & Kaspar, 2003;Yoo & Lee, 2008).…”

Asian international students' ethnic identity, spirituality, acculturation, and experience of racism: relationship with attitude toward seeking professional therapeutic help

“…According to Liang et al (2004) Asian Americans are able to excel and function well in a society, thereby masking the real discrimination and prejudice experienced by them (Delucchi & Do, 1995;Liang et al, 2004).…”

“…Furthermore, there is a lack of published instruments designed to assess racism and experiences related to racism (Harrell, 1999;Liang et al, 2004).…”

“…According to Liang et al (2004), it is important to consider the psychological stress that results from the experiences of racism. According to them, "Psychological stress occurs when the relationship between a person and an environment is perceived and appraised by that individual to be harmful and that demands a response that is more than he or she is capable of providing" (Liang et al 2004, p. 104).…”