The arthroscopic and ultrasonographic boundaries of the equine femorotibial joints

Abstract

When used together, these modalities can provide a more global image of the femorotibial joints.

Introduction

“…The use of a 10-mm diameter laproscopic cannula in the suprapatellar pouch for easier removal of debris and loose fragments has also been reported (McNally et al, 2011). In the femorotibial joints, arthroscopic approaches into the caudal medial and lateral compartments have been described by Watts and Nixon (2006) and a detailed comparison between ultrasonographic and arthroscopic boundaries of the normal equine femorotibial joints has been reported by Barrett et al (2012). A new concept of augmented healing of OCD defects has been introduced by Sparks et al (2011b), who used polydioxanone pins to reattach separated osteochondral flaps.…”

Cartilage Therapy and Repair in Equine Athletes

“…ultrasonographic boundaries of the femorotibial joints, with benefits and limitations of each modality also being described (1). Overall, the combined efforts of diagnostic imaging with diagnostic arthroscopy resulted in a more global evaluation of the stifle due to the limitations of arthroscopy in the horse to access the central portion of the meniscus.…”

Physicochemical Approach to Determine the Mechanism for Acid–Base Disorders in 793 Hospitalized Foals

“…Possible mechanisms for these disturbances include reduced perfusion because of hypovolemia and hypotension,3, 4, 5, 6 activation of hormonal mechanisms including the renin angiotensin aldosterone system and vasopressin,7, 8, 9 tubular damage,10, 11 and perturbation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis 12. Plasma protein alterations might be caused by increased capillary leakage,12, 13 altered intravascular and tissue albumin distribution, imbalances between albumin synthesis and degradation14, 15 and failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) 2…”

“…The severity of hyper‐ l ‐lactatemia is considered an accurate predictor of mortality in neonatal and adult humans, horses, and cattle 1, 3, 23, 24, 25, 26. Although recent studies have shown that serial measurement of plasma concentration of l ‐lactate ([ l ‐lac − ]) or measurement of [ l ‐lac − ] clearance might enable more accurate prognostication,3, 4 [ l ‐lac − ] determination at hospital admission are commonly used as a prognostic indicator. For instance, admission [ l ‐lac − ] > 6.9 mmol/L correctly classified 86% of neonatal foals as nonsurvivors 24…”