The Arsenic Concentration in Saliva, Urine and Drinking Water in Endemic Arsenicosis Area in Shanyin County of Shanxi Province, China

Abstract

Biological monitoring for arsenic(As) is usually based upon a determination of urine, blood, nail and hair arsenic concentration, however, saliva has been suggested as a non-invasive biological matrix for assessing exposure. To further evaluate the potential utility of saliva for arsenic biomonitoring, Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry(AFS-230) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) were used to evaluate the concentration of arsenic in drinking water, saliva and urine in endemic arsenicosis area in Shanyin County of Shanxi Province. The results showed that the arsenic concentration in drinking water was 0.55-720.0ug/L, and there were 66.67% samples above the arsenic level (50μg/L) of standards for drinking water quality. The median value of arsenic in drinking water was 127.22 μg/L. The salivary and urinary arsenic both can reflect the exposure of arsenic in drinking water. Additionally, there was a significant positive association of salivary arsenic compared with arsenic in drinking water (r=0.674, P<0.05)and urinary arsenic(r=0.794, P<0.05). These results demonstrated that, similar to urinary arsenic, salivary arsenic also can be used as a biomarker for assessing human exposue to arsenic.

Excretion patterns of arsenic and its metabolites in human saliva and urine after ingestion of Chinese seaweed

“…Each participant ingested 20 g dry weight (dw) of seaweed at breakfast time. Then, urine and saliva samples were collected before ingesting the seaweed (0 h) and at 3,6,9,12,18,24,36,48 and 72 h after ingestion. Samples were collected according to our previous report [24]; briefly, urine samples were collected in disposable plastic cups, then dispensed into 50 mL centrifuge tubes.…”

“…Then, urine and saliva samples were collected before ingesting the seaweed (0 h) and at 3,6,9,12,18,24,36,48 and 72 h after ingestion. Samples were collected according to our previous report [24]; briefly, urine samples were collected in disposable plastic cups, then dispensed into 50 mL centrifuge tubes. The saliva samples were collected at least 1 h after any food consumption; before collection, participants were told to rinse their mouths at least 3 times to remove any food residue, then they were told to spit out some of the initial saliva, and then from each participant 2 mL saliva was collected into centrifuge tubes.…”

“…The group found that salivary arsenic could be a potential biomarker of arsenic exposure. Subsequently, studies by both our group and other laboratories have shown that total arsenic concentrations in saliva have an evident, positive correlation with the total arsenic levels both in urine and drinking water, which can be used as a useful biomarker for determining recent exposure to arsenic [23][24][25][26].…”

Reactivity and speciation of mineral-associated arsenic in seasonal and permanent wetlands of the Mekong Delta

“…Prolonged As exposure from drinking water also increases mortality from cardiovascular disease, especially among smokers (Argos et al, 2010;Chen et al, 2011). The most significant large-scale human exposure to As occurs in the basins of major rivers draining the Himalaya including the Indus (Fatmi et al, 2013), Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (Chakraborti et al, 2013), Mekong (Berg et al, 2007;Buschmann et al, 2008;Phan et al, 2010), Red (Berg et al, 2007), Yangtze (Currell et al, 2011;Gan et al, 2014;He and Charlet, 2013), and Yellow (He and Charlet, 2013;Wang et al, 2012;Zhang et al, 2012), where over 100 million people are estimated to consume drinking water containing > 10 μg As L -1 (the World Health Organization standard) (Ravenscroft et al, 2009).…”

Assessment of toxic metals in groundwater and saliva in an arsenic affected area of West Bengal, India: A pilot scale study

“…Although the concentration of the elements in such biological samples may vary due to differences in environmental, dietary and occupational factors, such assessment helps us to understand the nature of elemental excretion compared with other differentially exposed communities. For example, Wang et al (2012) showed an increase in salivary As with increase in arsenic concentration of drinking water. Similar findings were also reported by Yuan et al (2008) where a mean salivary As concentration of 11.9 mg L À 1 was found for the population of Inner Mongolia that was exposed to high concentration of As while a concentration of 0.79 mg L À 1 As was determined in saliva of the population of Edmonton, Canada consuming drinking water with As content below 5 mg L À 1 .…”