The arrival directions of cosmic rays above 10<sup>17</sup>eV

Winn, M. M.; Ulrichs, J.; Peak, L.S.; McCusker, C. B. A.; Horton, L.

doi:10.1088/0305-4616/12/7/016

Cited by 27 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The first volume contains all Volcano Ranch events (Linsley, 1980) and Haverah Park events recorded up to 1978 (Cunningham et al, 1980). Volume 2 comprises the complete SUGAR catalog (Winn et al, 1982), while the Yakutsk data to 1986 are given in Volume 3 (Efimov et al, 1988), with events above 4ϫ10 19 eV up to May 1996 in Afanasiev et al (1996). The events above 4 ϫ10 19 eV recorded by AGASA up to August 1998 are listed in Takeda et al (1999a).…”

Section: Experimental Results Of Astrophysical Importancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it did not find any excess from the galactic center in the above energy region (Winn et al, 1986). Since only muons above 0.75ϫsec GeV were recorded in the SUGAR experiment, there may be a significant bias in selecting showers from primaries heavier than protons.…”

Section: Comparison With the Spectrum In The Lower-energy Regionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Unfortunately the spacing between the detectors, typically one mile (1.61 km), proved to be too great and, even in the largest events, the number of stations that registered measurable densities was small. For the ten largest events the mean number of stations struck was only 4.7, with a mean core error greatly in excess of 100 m (Winn et al, 1982). Furthermore, after-pulsing in the 7-in.…”

Section: The Sydney University Array (Sugar)mentioning

confidence: 92%

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Observations and implications of the ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays

2000

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The authors define ''ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays'' (UHECRs) as those cosmic rays with energies above 10 18 eV. It had been anticipated that there would be a cutoff in the energy spectrum of primary cosmic rays around 6ϫ10 19 eV induced by the interaction of the particles with the 2.7-K primordial photons. However, recent experimental data have established that particles exist with energies greatly exceeding this. It follows that the sources of such particles are probably nearby, on a cosmological scale. However, although the trajectories of such energetic particles through the galactic and intergalactic magnetic fields may be nearly rectilinear, no astronomical sources have as yet been identified. This is the enigma of the highest-energy cosmic rays. The paper reviews the history of research in this energy regime and critically assesses the observational results on the energy spectrum, arrival directions, and composition of the primary cosmic rays based on observations made by six experiments. The detection methods currently available are described. Special techniques have been developed as particles of 10 20 eV or higher occur at a rate of only about 1 per km 2 per century. Errors in measurement are given particular attention. The authors also review the theoretical predictions for a number of candidate sources of cosmic rays beyond the predicted cutoff. Finally, the four major projects planned to address the question of the origin of UHECRs are briefly described. CONTENTS

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Section: Experimental Results Of Astrophysical Importancementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Comparison With the Spectrum In The Lower-energy Regionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: The Sydney University Array (Sugar)mentioning

confidence: 92%

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Observations and implications of the ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays

2000

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“…For the ultra high energy ( 10 19.6 eV) regime, all experiments to date have reported k 0 ≪ 6.6, ∀m < 5 [66,67,68,69]. 2 This does not imply an isotropic distribution, but it merely means that available data are too sparse to claim a statistically significant measurement of anisotropy.…”

Section: Distribution Of Arrival Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Astrophysical origins of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays

2004

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In the first part of this review we discuss the basic observational features at the end of the cosmic ray energy spectrum. We also present there the main characteristics of each of the experiments involved in the detection of these particles. We then briefly discuss the status of the chemical composition and the distribution of arrival directions of cosmic rays. After that, we examine the energy losses during propagation, introducing the Greisen-Zaptsepin-Kuzmin (GZK) cutoff, and discuss the level of confidence with which each experiment have detected particles beyond the GZK energy limit. In the second part of the review, we discuss astrophysical environments able to accelerate particles up to such high energies, including active galactic nuclei, large scale galactic wind termination shocks, relativistic jets and hot-spots of Fanaroff-Riley radiogalaxies, pulsars, magnetars, quasar remnants, starbursts, colliding galaxies, and gamma ray burst fireballs. In the third part of the review we provide a brief summary of scenarios which try to explain the super-GZK events with the help of new physics beyond the standard model. In the last section, we give an overview on neutrino telescopes and existing limits on the energy spectrum and discuss some of the prospects for a new (multi-particle) astronomy. Finally, we outline how extraterrestrial neutrino fluxes can be used to probe new physics beyond the electroweak scale. Solicited Review Article Prepared for Reports on Progress in Physics 1 PREFACEReviewing cosmic ray physics is a risky business. Theoretical models continue to appear at an amazing rate, both in the astrophysical and more exotic domains. We warn the reader: we do not (nor we could) intend to make an homogeneous coverage of all the ideas of our fellow colleagues. Reading differently focused reviews on the issue (quoted here along the way) is, in our view, the best approach to such a wide topic of research.2 Contents

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“…Since experiments in the northern hemisphere do not see the Galactic center, they are not very sensitive to a possible anisotropy of arrival directions of UHECR from SHDM. In contrast, the Galactic center was visible for the old Australian SUGAR experiment [60]. The compatibility of the SHDM hypothesis with the SUGAR data was discussed recently in Refs.…”

Section: Galactic Anisotropymentioning

confidence: 63%

Status of particle physics solutions to the UHECR puzzle

Kachelrieß

2004

Comptes Rendus. Physique

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Abstract. The status of solutions to the ultra-high energy cosmic ray puzzle that involve particle physics beyond the standard model is reviewed. Signatures and experimental constraints are discussed for most proposals like the Z burst model and topological defects (both allowed only as subdominant contribution), supermassive dark matter (no positive evidence from its key signatures galactic anisotropy and photon dominance), strongly interacting neutrinos or new primaries (no viable models known), and violation of Lorentz invariance (possible). Résumé. Nous présentons une revue des solutions proposées en réponseà l'énigme des rayons cosmiques ultra-énergétiques, faisant intervenir la physique des particules au-delà du Modèle Standard. Nous résumons les signatures et les contraintes expérimentales pour la plupart de ces modèles tels que : la désintégration du Z et les défauts topologiques (tous deux

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The arrival directions of cosmic rays above 10¹⁷eV

Cited by 27 publications

References 4 publications

Observations and implications of the ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays

Observations and implications of the ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays

Astrophysical origins of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays

Status of particle physics solutions to the UHECR puzzle

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The arrival directions of cosmic rays above 1017eV

Cited by 27 publications

References 4 publications

Observations and implications of the ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays

Observations and implications of the ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays

Astrophysical origins of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays

Status of particle physics solutions to the UHECR puzzle

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The arrival directions of cosmic rays above 10¹⁷eV