The Arginine Biosynthetic System and Its Regulation

Vogel, Ruth H.; McLellan, William L.; Hirvonen, Alice P.; Vogel, Henry J.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-299255-1.50021-3

Cited by 26 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…The regulatory relationship between arginine and glutamine found in the poplar tree seems to be different from that of microorganism (7,8).…”

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confidence: 82%

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Effect of Low Temperature on Amino Acid Metabolism in Wintering Poplar

Sagisaka

1974

Plant Physiol.

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Analyses of free amino acids in poplar (Populus geirica) were carried out throughout a year to see the effect of low temperature on a system regulating amino acid metabolism in the tree. The results indicated that during the wintering phase arginine was the major amino acid both in bark and xylem, particularly in xylem, and that at the time of budding and growing glutamine and glutamate became dominant. Changes in the relative levels of glutamine (plus glutamate) and arginine to the total amino acids of the a-ketoglutarate family indicated the presence of a regulatory system annually controlling the synthesis between glutamine (plus glutamate) and arginine. The system appeared to be governed and sensitized by low temperatures. Neither a transition of the synthesis from arginine to glutamine (plus glutamate) nor budding occurred in the poplars which spent the winter months in a greenhouse.Glutamate and glutamine play a major role in amino acid biosynthesis from ammonia as well as from other nitrogenous materials in higher plants (1, 2). Actually, in perennials such as poplar (Populus gelrica) a large amount of glutamine is accumulated both in the living bark and xylem at the time when trees are growing (6).The previous report has shown that prior to the period of accumulation of glutamine, arginine accumulated in the wintering poplar (6). With the arrival of spring, a striking decrease in the arginine level was observed, particularly in the xylem, concomitant with an increase of glutamine and glutamate.In spite of the general acceptance of the importance of exposing dormant perennials to low temperatures to evoke a renewal of active growth (3, 5), little information is available on the transition of amino acid metabolism occurring in the twig of the tree. In an attempt to clarify the biochemical effect of low temperatures on the metabolic activities of wintering plants, the relation between low temperatures and amino acid metabolism in the poplar tree was studied. This paper indicates that the decrease of the accumulated arginine and the increase of glutamine (and glutamate) is coupled with the budding process and that the regulatory system appears to be sensitized by low temperatures.A 5-year-old poplar was grown in the field, and comparable samples of twigs were taken from the tree. For free amino acid analysis, twigs were sampled regularly on the 20th of each month throughout 1 year, and extracts for the analysis were prepared immediately as described previously (6).The results are shown in Tables I and II. Glutamine and glutamate constituted the major fraction of amino acids of the a-ketoglutarate family (glutamine, glutamate, proline, and arginine) (1, 4) during the period of active growth, while arginine was the major amino acid of the family during winter. From the data in Tables I and II, the percentage of arginine (and glutamine plus glutamate) relative to the total of the a-ketoglutarate family of amino acids was obtained (Fig.

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“…The regulatory relationship between arginine and glutamine found in the poplar tree seems to be different from that of microorganism (7,8).…”

mentioning

confidence: 82%

“…The control of arginine biosynthesis and catabolism has been reviewed by Umbarger (7) and Vogel et al (8). The regulatory relationship between arginine and glutamine found in the poplar tree seems to be different from that of microorganism (7,8).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Low Temperature on Amino Acid Metabolism in Wintering Poplar

Sagisaka

1974

Plant Physiol.

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“…In systems such as lac and trp, one regulatory region controls a set of linked genes with related functions. In the arg regulon (39), the genes are unlinked, but still they act in the same metabolic pathway. Finally, in the SOS system, a set of unlinked genes is controlled by the lexA repressor; these genes probably do not all act on the same pathway, yet their coordinated expression is thought to aid cell survival.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Purified lexA protein is a repressor of the recA and lexA genes.

Little¹,

Mount²,

Yanisch-Perron³

1981

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

258

186

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Escherichia coli shows a pleiotropic response (the SOS response) to treatments that damage DNA or inhibit DNA replication. Previous evidence has suggested that the product of the lexA gene is involved in regulating the SOS response, perhaps as a repressor, and that it is sensitive to the recA protease. We show here that lexA protein is a repressor of at least two genes, recA and lexA. Purified protein bound specifically to the regulatory regions of the two genes, as judged by DNase I protection experiments, and it specifically inhibited in vitro transcription of both genes. The binding sites in recA and lexA were found to be about 20 base pairs (bp) and 40 bp long, respectively. The 40-bp sequence in lexA was composed of two adjacent 20-bp sequences, which had considerable homology to one another and to the corresponding recA sequence. These 20-bp sequences, which we term "SOS boxes," show considerable inverted repeat structure as well. These features suggest that each box represents a single repressor binding site. Finally, we found that purified lexA protein was a substrate for the recA protease in a reaction requiring ATP or an analogue, adenosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate, and denatured DNA.

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“…The principle of autogenous regulation-that the protein encoded by a cistron serves as a modulator of the activity of that cistron or of the operon that encompasses it-appears to be a basic one, which is manifested by many diverse biological regulatory systems (2). This concept in various forms has been expounded for many years (2) and has also been referred to as "self-regulation" of finished enzymes (3), and more recently as "autoregulation" (4). Another review of this subject is in press (D. W. Calhoun and G. W. Hatfield, to appear in Annual Reiews of Microbiology, 1975).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Autogenous regulation of the inducible tryptophan synthase of Pseudomonas putida.

Proctor¹,

Crawford²

1975

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Mutants blocked before indole-3-glycerol phosphate formation in the tryptophan biosynthetic pathway of P. putida ("early-blocked" mutants) are unable to use indole as a source of tryptophan for growth on. minimal medium. The uninduced level oftryptophan synthase [EC 4.2.1.20; L-serine hydro-lyase (adding indole)] in such mutants was thought to be responsible for this property. We have shown that levels of indole higher than those previously tested will support growth of these mutants. In addition, the growth rate of these mutants on a given indole concentration was shown to be proportional to the synthase level induced under the same conditions. This apparent induction of tryptophan synthase by indole in "early-blocked" mutants was shown to be caused by formation of the normal effector molecule, indole-3-glycerol-P, from indole.Secondary mutations occur in "early-blocked" trp strains, which enable them to grow on low concentrations of indole. One type of "indole-utilization" mutation occurs in the trpA gene, inactivating its product. Tryptophan synthase is readily induced by low concentrations of indole in these mutants, even though they are unable to convert indole to indole-3-glycerol-P. We propose that the a-chain of the synthase has an autogenous regulatory function, serving as the repressor or the indole-3-glycerol-P recognition component of the repressor of the trpAB operon (synthase a-and j3-chains). Our hypothesis holds that the trpA type of "indole-utilization" mutation alters the repressor (synthase a-chain) so that indole as well as indole-3-glycerol-P serves as an effector molecule for tryptophan synthase induction.Various modifications and elaborations of the basic operon model of gene regulation (1) have been necessary to accommodate details of diverse regulatory systems which have been studied since its introduction. A recent review by Goldberger (2) served to underscore compelling evidence from many different laboratories of yet another variation of the basic operon model-autogenous regulation. The principle of autogenous regulation-that the protein encoded by a cistron serves as a modulator of the activity of that cistron or of the operon that encompasses it-appears to be a basic one, which is manifested by many diverse biological regulatory systems (2). This concept in various forms has been expounded for many years (2) and has also been referred to as "self-regulation" of finished enzymes (3), and more recently as "autoregulation" (4). Another review of this subject is in press (D. W. Calhoun and G. W. Hatfield, to appear in Annual Reiews of Microbiology, 1975). In this paper, we present evidence that the tryptophan synthase (synthase) [EC 4.2 Structural genes for the enzymes of the tryptophan synthetic pathway are distributed in three locations on the chromosome of P. putida (5) (Fig. 1). Each trp gene cluster has a different mode of regulation (6, 7). The trpEDC cluster resembles the equivalent, operator-proximal portion of the trp operon in iEcherichia coli (8), Salmonella typhimuri...

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The Arginine Biosynthetic System and Its Regulation

Cited by 26 publications

References 73 publications

Effect of Low Temperature on Amino Acid Metabolism in Wintering Poplar

Effect of Low Temperature on Amino Acid Metabolism in Wintering Poplar

Purified lexA protein is a repressor of the recA and lexA genes.

Autogenous regulation of the inducible tryptophan synthase of Pseudomonas putida.

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