The Arctic: Last Unmanaged Frontier

Indigenous Peoples in International Environmental Cooperation: Arctic Management of Hazardous Substances

“…Trans-Arctic diplomacy was thus pioneered not by the six governments of the adjacent states, but by a non-governmental 'trans-national' association of native peoples. 28 Arctic cooperation was expanded following the end of the Cold War. 29 The most prominent forum in which Arctic countries and indigenous peoples interact on environmental issues is the Arctic Council, which began operations in 1998.…”

Inuit diplomacy in the global ERA: The strengths of multilateral internationalism

“…It is a small, chronically under-funded transnational organization with institutional members in Greenland, Canada, Alaska, and, since 1990, Russia. Within a very few years after its founding, it was able to promote and to participate in the establishment of the Arctic as a coherent political region, to foster international cooperation in a strategic Cold War zone, to develop and advocate a pan-Arctic environmental strategy, to support a nonthreatening decolonization of the Arctic, and to establish the Inuit people as international actors (Bloomfield 1981;Lauritzen 1983;Petersen 1984).…”

Arctic waters: Needs and options for CANADIAN‐AMERICAN cooperation

“…Transarctic diplomacy was thus pioneered not by the six governments of the adjacent states, but by a non-governmental "transnational" association of native people. 24 Arctic environmental protection and renewable resource management are central concerns of local and regional associations of native peoples and of the Inuit circumpolar community at large. Mineral exploration, development, and transportation proposals raise questions about the compatibility of renewable and non-renewable resource development, and three categories of issues have generated considerable controversy, debate, and subsequent inquiry-resource utilization, community development, and the practice of Arctic science.…”

“…The fleet maintains the Northern Sea Route, a 2,500-mile shipping corridor along the northern Soviet coastline. Canada holds second honors in terms of numbers of icebreaking vessels (24), and the United States follows with 5 icebreakers in service. However, the most recent additions to the U.S. fleetthe Polar Star and the Polar Sea-with 58,188 kw shaft power, are more powerful than Canada's largest vessels-Louis S. St. Laurent (17,896 kw shaft power), Pierre Radisson, Franklin, and des Groseilliers (10,145 kw), and the Sir John A. Macdonald (11,185 kw).…”