The Arctic Charr Salvelinus alpinus in Thingvallavatn

Sandlund, Odd Terje; Gunnarsson, Karl; Jónasson, Pétur M.; Jönsson, Bror; Lindem, Torfinn; Magnússon, Kristinn P.; Malmquist, Hilmar J.; Sigurjónsdóttir, Hrefna; Skúlason, Skúli; Snorrason, Sigurður S.

doi:10.2307/3545056

Cited by 223 publications

(258 citation statements)

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“…Multiple lines of evidence show that these differences stem both from environmental and genetic causes 39– 43 . The best studied example of sympatric charr are the four morphs in Lake Thingvallavatn 44 ; two have a benthic morphotype, a large benthivorous (LB-charr) and a small benthivorous (SB-charr), and two morphs are limnetic, a large piscivorous morph (PI-charr) and small planktivorous morph (PL-charr) 45 . Both PL and PI-charr operate in open water and feed on free-swimming prey, PL on planktonic crustaceans and PI on small fish.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The developmental transcriptome of contrasting Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) morphs

et al. 2015

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Species and populations with parallel evolution of specific traits can help illuminate how predictable adaptations and divergence are at the molecular and developmental level. Following the last glacial period, dwarfism and specialized bottom feeding morphology evolved rapidly in several landlocked Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus populations in Iceland. To study the genetic divergence between small benthic morphs and limnetic morphs, we conducted RNA-sequencing charr embryos at four stages in early development. We studied two stocks with contrasting morphologies: the small benthic (SB) charr from Lake Thingvallavatn and Holar aquaculture (AC) charr.The data reveal significant differences in expression of several biological pathways during charr development. There was also an expression difference between SB- and AC-charr in genes involved in energy metabolism and blood coagulation genes. We confirmed differing expression of five genes in whole embryos with qPCR, including lysozyme and natterin-like which was previously identified as a fish-toxin of a lectin family that may be a putative immunopeptide. We also verified differential expression of 7 genes in the developing head that associated consistently with benthic v.s.limnetic morphology (studied in 4 morphs). Comparison of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) frequencies reveals extensive genetic differentiation between the SB and AC-charr (~1300 with more than 50% frequency difference). Curiously, three derived alleles in the otherwise conserved 12s and 16s mitochondrial ribosomal RNA genes are found in benthic charr.The data implicate multiple genes and molecular pathways in divergence of small benthic charr and/or the response of aquaculture charr to domestication. Functional, genetic and population genetic studies on more freshwater and anadromous populations are needed to confirm the specific loci and mutations relating to specific ecological traits in Arctic charr.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The developmental transcriptome of contrasting Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) morphs

et al. 2015

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“…Mature male parr reproduce at sizes 2-3 orders of magnitude smaller (by weight) and at much less than half the age of anadromous males, which breed following a migration to sea (Jones, 1959;Hutchings and Myers, 1988;Fleming, 1996). Similarly variable anadromous and non-anadromous alternative phenotypes exist in brown trout (for example, Hindar et al, 1992;Klemetsen et al, 2003) and Chinook salmon (Healey, 1991), whereas members of the genera Salvelinus and Coregonus are better known for their extraordinary life-history variability in the absence of seaward migrations (for example, Sandlund et al, 1992;Bernatchez et al, 2010). Somewhat less extreme differences in size and age, although no less interesting evolutionarily, characterise differences between large 'hooknose' and smaller 'jack' males in Oncorhynchus spp.…”

Section: Genetic Variability In Discontinuous and Bivariate Reaction mentioning

confidence: 99%

Old wine in new bottles: reaction norms in salmonid fishes

Hutchings

2011

Heredity

151

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Genetic variability in reaction norms reflects differences in the ability of individuals, populations and ultimately species to respond to environmental change. By increasing our understanding of how genotype Â environment interactions influence evolution, studies of genetic variation in phenotypic plasticity serve to refine our capacity to predict how populations will respond to natural and anthropogenic environmental variability, including climate change. Given the extraordinary variability in morphology, behaviour and life history in salmonids, one might anticipate the research milieu on reaction norms in these fishes to be empirically rich and intellectually engaging. Here, I undertake a review of genetic variability in continuous and discontinuous (threshold) norms of reaction in salmonid fishes, as determined primarily (but not exclusively) by common-garden experiments. Although in its infancy from a numerical publication perspective, there is taxonomically broad evidence of genetic differentiation in continuous, threshold and bivariate reaction norms among individuals, families and populations (including inter-population hybrids and backcrosses) for traits as divergent as embryonic development, age and size at maturity, and gene expression. There is compelling inferential evidence that plasticity is heritable and that population differences in reaction norms can reflect adaptive responses, by natural selection, to local environments. As a stimulus for future work, a series of 20 research questions are identified that focus on reaction-norm variability, selection, costs and constraints, demographic and conservation consequences, and genetic markers and correlates of phenotypic plasticity.

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“…The observations made of spawning behaviour in nature were compared with those made by FABRICIUS (1953), FABRICIUS and GUSTAFSON (1954) and FROST (1965) of spawning behaviour in an aquarium, and by FROST (1965) andSANDLUND et al (1992) of spawning behaviour in nature. There are three main différences between the Lake Geneva observations and the ones produced by thèse authors : (1) the Lake Geneva char is not aggressive, (2) it doesn't dig any nest, and (3) females are polygamous as well as maies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…FROST (1965) observed that maies fought and chased one another continually while spawning. In Lake Thingvallavatn, Arctic char showed extremely aggressive behaviour, probably because four différent isolated morphs coexist in this lake, some spawning at the same time and on the same spawning grounds (SANDLUND et al, 1992). No aggressiveness between the spawners nor against the other chars présent on the Lake Geneva spawning ground was ever observed.…”

Section: General Problems Of Observing Fish Spawning Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comportement de fraye de l'omble chevalier (Salvelinus alpinus L.) observé dans le Léman à partir du sous-marin "F.A.-Forel"

Rubin

1994

Bull. Fr. Pêche Piscic.

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RESUMEDe 1984 à 1989, la fraye de l'omble chevalier, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), du Léman a été étudiée à partir du sous-marin «F.A.-FOREL». Ces obsen/ations de la fraye naturelle ont été comparées avec celles effectuées par FABRICIUS (1953), FABRICIUS et GUSTAFSON (1954), et FROST (1965, en aquarium ; et celles effectuées par FROST (1965) et SANDLUND ef al. (1992 dans le milieu naturel. Trois différences principales apparaissent entre les observations effectuées par ces auteurs et celles effectuées dans le Léman : (1) les ombles chevaliers du Léman ne sont pas agressifs, (2) les femelles ne creusent pas de nids, et (3) les femelles sont polygames comme les mâles. SPAWNING BEHAVIOUR OF THE ARCTIC CHAR, SALVELINUS ALPINUS (L.), OBSERVED IN LAKE GENEVA FROM THE SUBMARINE «F.A.-FOREL». SUMMARYFrom 1984 to 1989, the spawning of the Arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), of Lake Geneva, was studied, using the submarine «F.A.-FOREL». The observations made of spawning behaviour in nature were compared with those made by FABRICIUS (1953), FABRICIUS and GUSTAFSON (1954) and FROST (1965) of spawning behaviour in an aquarium, and by FROST (1965) andSANDLUND et al. (1992) of spawning behaviour in nature. There are three main différences between the Lake Geneva observations and the ones produced by thèse authors : (1) the Lake Geneva char is not aggressive, (2) it doesn't dig any nest, and (3) females are polygamous as well as maies. INTRODUCTIONThe biology of the Arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), was studied in Lake Geneva from 1984to 1990(RUBIN, 1990. Today this population is maintained at its présent level by stocking only (RUBIN and BUTTIKER, 1993). The spawning grounds of the Arctic char were described in détail by RUBIN and BUTTIKER (1992). Investigations were performed in order to correlate the success of the natural spawning with the physico-chemical characteristics of the water and the substrate quality of the spawning grounds (RUBIN, 1990). Mosl of the spawning areas are located at a depth of more than 50 meters, that is to say, beyond the security depth for scuba diving. Therefore, the submarine «F.A.-FOREL» was used, which is operational to a depth of 500 m for several hours without surfacing. During the hours spent on the spawning grounds, Arctic char eggs were sampled and the spawning grounds and spawning behaviour described. This article reports the main observations on the spawning behaviour of the Arctic char in Lake Geneva. COMPORTEMENT DE FRAYE DE L'OMBLE CHEVALIER, SALVELINUS ALPINUS {L.), OBSERVÉ DANS LE LÉMANA PARTIR DU SOUS-MARIN «F.A.-FOREL».

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The Arctic Charr Salvelinus alpinus in Thingvallavatn

Cited by 223 publications

References 41 publications

The developmental transcriptome of contrasting Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) morphs

The developmental transcriptome of contrasting Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) morphs

Old wine in new bottles: reaction norms in salmonid fishes

Comportement de fraye de l'omble chevalier (Salvelinus alpinus L.) observé dans le Léman à partir du sous-marin "F.A.-Forel"

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