The archaeal flagellum: a unique motility structure

Jarrell, Ken F.; Bayley, Douglas P.; Kostyukova, Andalla S.

doi:10.1128/jb.178.17.5057-5064.1996

Cited by 96 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 48 publications

(55 reference statements)

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“…In Archaea, cell motility mediated by flagella has been reported for representatives of the major phenotypic groups, i.e., the halophiles, the methanogens, the thermophiles, and the hyperthermophiles, largely based on microscopic investigation (20,184,436). Although fulfilling similar roles, archaeal flagella bear little resemblance to their bettercharacterized bacterial counterparts (7,265) in terms of structure or assembly.…”

Section: Fig 1 Schematic Depiction Of the Glycosylation Of Thementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Whereas bacterial flagella are, for the most part, composed of a single type of flagellin, archaeal flagellar filaments are made up of several types of flagellins (with the possible exception of Sulfolobus solfataricus, where genome annotation efforts have reported the existence of only a single flagellinencoding gene) (20,184,436). Indeed, archaeal and bacterial flagellins do not share sequence similarity (19).…”

Section: Fig 1 Schematic Depiction Of the Glycosylation Of Thementioning

confidence: 99%

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Posttranslational Protein Modification inArchaea

Eichler

Adams

2005

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

194

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One of the first hurdles to be negotiated in the postgenomic era involves the description of the entire protein content of the cell, the proteome. Such efforts are presently complicated by the various posttranslational modifications that proteins can experience, including glycosylation, lipid attachment, phosphorylation, methylation, disulfide bond formation, and proteolytic cleavage. Whereas these and other posttranslational protein modifications have been well characterized in Eucarya and Bacteria, posttranslational modification in Archaea has received far less attention. Although archaeal proteins can undergo posttranslational modifications reminiscent of what their eucaryal and bacterial counterparts experience, examination of archaeal posttranslational modification often reveals aspects not previously observed in the other two domains of life. In some cases, posttranslational modification allows a protein to survive the extreme conditions often encountered by Archaea. The various posttranslational modifications experienced by archaeal proteins, the molecular steps leading to these modifications, and the role played by posttranslational modification in Archaea form the focus of this review

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Section: Fig 1 Schematic Depiction Of the Glycosylation Of Thementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fig 1 Schematic Depiction Of the Glycosylation Of Thementioning

confidence: 99%

Posttranslational Protein Modification inArchaea

Eichler

Adams

2005

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

194

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“…The 61 genes in chemotaxis group into five evolutionary modules ranging in size from 4-24 genes found in 5-56 species, the 153 sporulation genes into three modules (30,35, and 47 genes in 17-62 species), and the 62 DNA uptake genes group into two large clusters, one of which (cluster 2) is otherwise statistically significant (29 genes in 57-151 species) but not cohesive enough to be called an evolutionary module. This difference reveals that even within well defined functional networks, there are marked and discrete differences in the conservation patterns of individual genes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, species containing flagellar (actuation) modules, but lacking sensing, regulatory, or crosstalk modules, are all intracellular pathogens (Chlamydiales) whose highly conserved ''flagellar'' genes are in fact orthologs of the type III secretion system, used to inject virulent proteins into host cells (34). Similarly, species containing signal transduction and regulatory modules, but lacking flagellar modules, are all motile Archaea, which exhibit twitching rather than swimming motility, and therefore have motility organelles whose genes are orthologous to type II (pili) rather than type III (flagellar) systems (35). In sporulation, module A contains genes whose presence is both a necessary and a sufficient condition for predicting endospore formation (i.e., all species that form endospores have these genes, and no species that do not form endospores have these genes).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…21, Ch. [33][34][35][36][37], and competence for DNA uptake (22)] and examined their phylogenetic variability among several hundred bacterial and archaeal lineages for which we gathered detailed phenotypic information. In particular, we chose chemotaxis because it is considered a canonical signal transduction pathway; sporulation because it is a complex developmental pathway that is closely tied to essential replication apparatus; and DNA uptake because it has wide phyletic distribution and has been provocatively linked to the evolutionary process of lateral gene transfer (23).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Modularity of stress response evolution

Singh

Wolf

Wang

et al. 2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Responses to extracellular stress directly confer survival fitness by means of complex regulatory networks. Despite their complexity, the networks must be evolvable because of changing ecological and environmental pressures. Although the regulatory networks underlying stress responses are characterized extensively, their mechanism of evolution remains poorly understood. Here, we examine the evolution of three candidate stress response networks (chemotaxis, competence for DNA uptake, and endospore formation) by analyzing their phylogenetic distribution across several hundred diverse bacterial and archaeal lineages. We report that genes in the chemotaxis and sporulation networks group into well defined evolutionary modules with distinct functions, phenotypes, and substitution rates as compared with control sets of randomly chosen genes. The evolutionary modules vary in both number and cohesiveness among the three pathways. Chemotaxis has five coherent modules whose distribution among species shows a clear pattern of interdependence and rewiring. Sporulation, by contrast, is nearly monolithic and seems to be inherited vertically, with three weak modules constituting early and late stages of the pathway. Competence does not seem to exhibit well defined modules either at or below the pathway level. Many of the detected modules are better understood in engineering terms than in protein functional terms, as we demonstrate using a control-based ontology that classifies gene function according to roles such as ''sensor,'' ''regulator,'' and ''actuator.'' Moreover, we show that combinations of the modules predict phenotype, yet surprisingly do not necessarily correlate with phylogenetic inheritance. The architectures of these three pathways are therefore emblematic of different modes and constraints on evolution.chemotaxis ͉ competence ͉ module ͉ regulatory ͉ sporulation

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Archaeal Flagella

VanDyke¹,

Ng²,

Chaban³

et al. 2008

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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The archaeal flagellum is a unique, ‘tail‐like’ structure used for motility by single‐celled organisms belonging to the domain Archaea. These intricate protein assemblies extend from the cell surface, rotating to generate thrust that propels the organism. Although archaeal flagella are functionally similar to the flagella found on bacteria, they differ significantly in structure and presumed mode of assembly. Key concepts The student will learn: Although functionally similar to bacterial flagella, archaeal flagella are unique motility structures in terms of their structure and assembly. The structure of the flagellum can be divided into three distinct components: the filament, hook and anchoring structure. Each of these components is constructed of specific proteins either encoded by genes residing within flagellar operons or of currently unknown genes. Assembly of the archaeal flagellum, which lacks the internal channel found in bacterial flagella, is thus believed to occur via incorporation of protein subunits at the base of the structure after they undergo the necessary posttranslational modifications of signal peptide cleavage and glycan addition. Archaea use this motility apparatus in combination with chemotaxis systems to bias their direction of movement towards environmental conditions more favourable for cell growth.

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The archaeal flagellum: a unique motility structure

Cited by 96 publications

References 48 publications

Posttranslational Protein Modification inArchaea

Posttranslational Protein Modification inArchaea

Modularity of stress response evolution

Archaeal Flagella

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