The Approach of Integrated Coastal Zone Management: From Technical to Political Point of View

Unravelling the Relationship between Ecosystem-Based Management, Integrated Coastal Zone Management and Marine Spatial Planning

“…The coastal and marine environment and its resources have been managed through fragmented and sectoral approaches (Altvater and Passarello 2018;Kelly et al 2018) that fail to incorporate the complexity and interconnection of marine ecosystems and the cumulative pressures that different human activities have on species and habitats (see O'Hagan 2020 for discussion on the dominance of the Common Agricultural Policy and the Common Fisheries Policy over activities within the environment for Europe). EBM is described as an integral component of management regimes, such as ICM and MSP (Kittinger et al 2014;Robinson et al 2014;Javier 2015), but has developed in a number of parallel approaches leading to a plethora of terminology and variation in the detail of principles depending on the ultimate management interest. Essentially the recognition of the importance of EBM within any management approaches is centred on acknowledging the relationship of ecosystem services to human welfare and emphasising the need for tools that encourage coordination and cooperation, participation, transparency, public interest, etc., to achieve the governance of these spaces.…”

“…However, the reality has been that both scientific research and management programmes have applied concepts of EBM with very diverse variations in emphasis, definition of terms and application of principles (Yaffee 1999;Arkema et al 2006;Sardà et al 2014;Long et al 2015). In large part this is because there has been a mismatch in institutional arrangements (Alexander and Haward 2019) where Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) and Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) have been employed to redress a traditional sectoral focus of marine environmental and resource management (Ehler and Douvere 2009;Freestone et al 2010;UNEP 2010;Smith et al 2017) and have stronger policy and governance as well as management components (Javier 2015). ICM and MSP have had greater policy presence because they are seen as providing a means to improve decision making by providing a framework to analyse competing human activities and managing their impact on the marine environment (Buhl-Mortensen et al 2017).…”

Sustainable Land-Use Planning to Improve the Coastal Resilience of the Social-Ecological Landscape

“…To address the SLUP of coastal areas, Europe has proposed Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), which clarifies the roles and responsibilities of various organizations, including non-governmental organizations, governmental organizations, universities, and the European Union [20]. Although ICZM is interpreted in various ways, it can be understood as a tool for developing a common coastal region and policy [21]. In the 1980s, ICZM focused on resolving major disasters such as coastal erosion and pollution outfalls [20,21].…”

“…Although ICZM is interpreted in various ways, it can be understood as a tool for developing a common coastal region and policy [21]. In the 1980s, ICZM focused on resolving major disasters such as coastal erosion and pollution outfalls [20,21]. In the 1990s, there was a conceptual change that focused on sustainability and public participation [22], concepts that now include the improvement of coastal resilience [22].…”