The application of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to the study of molybdenum oxides and supported molybdenum oxide catalysts

Nature and Estimation of Functional Groups on Solid Surfaces

“…The XPS technique was widely used for the characterization of promoted and unpromoted molybdate [414][415][416][417][418][419][420][421] and tungstate [422] catalysts and the valence states of the group VIb metal and of the promoter elements were determined after various treatments. Iwasawa et al [423] synthesized fixed Mo olefin metathesis catalysts by the facile reaction of Mo(n-C 3 H s )4 with acidic surface hydroxyl groups [250] (see also section II.A.l.a.iv).…”

Preparation and Electrical Properties of New Oxide Ion Conductors Ce6−xGdxMoO15−δ (0.0≤x≤1.8)

“…The substitution of Gd 31 for Ce 41 was attempted synthetically to observe the change of the crystalline structure. 18,19 There are six photoelectron peaks in the range of 880-920 eV for Ce 3d in Fig. As can be observed, no additional characteristic peaks of secondary phase were observed in the XRD patterns, suggesting that Gd 2 O 3 has dissolved into Ce 6 MoO 15 to form a cubic fluorite structure solid solution, or, if some secondary phase was formed, the amount was too small to be detected by XRD.…”

“…This coincides quite well with the data reported in the literatures. 18,19 There are six photoelectron peaks in the range of 880-920 eV for Ce 3d in Fig. 4(b), whose binding energies are 883.0, 889.2, 899.2, 901.6, 908.3, and 917.6 eV.…”

Reactions During Catalyst Activation

“…Graphite [9] and sometimes silica [10] may be examples of carriers that exert only a weak action on the supported substance. Such weak forces are probably insufficient for retaining an active phase attached to the support during industrial processes, but may be sufficient for handling a precursor.…”