The application of Urban Health Equity Assessment and Response Tool to assess health inequity among dwellers of an urban slum area in Giza Governorate, Egypt

Abstract

Compared with the national indicators, the main health determinants with low performance encountered in the study area included the physical infrastructure and high prevalence of male tobacco smoking. Health outcome indicators with low performance were diabetes and hypertension. The response of stakeholders was positive and immediate actions were taken to tackle some of the low-performance indicators.

A perspective on urban health systems and research for equitable healthcare in Africa

“…16 Urban HEART is a participatory tool for assessing and addressing intracity and intercity inequalities with a focus on environmental as well as socioeconomic determinants of health in urban areas. While the tool has an assessment and response component which is multisectoral, only evidence from Swaziland suggests a robust response, 7 compared with Egypt 17 and Kenya 18 where the tools have also been used. There is scant evidence that the impact of the 2018 assessment in Swaziland, which was heavily supported by international aid organisations, has been sustained today and that systemic or policy actions resulted from the analysis.…”

The Most Important Social Determinants of Slum Dwellers’ Health: A Scoping Review

“…The oldest study was published in 2012, and the most recent study was published in 2019. Among the studies reviewed, 10 were cross-sectional studies [17,21,22,24,26,31,32,35,37,42], 6 were literature reviews [2,14,18,19,34,39], 5 were secondary analyses, 4 used mixed methods, and 8 studies were designed using other methods, as listed in Table 2. Eight studies were conducted in India [15,17,19,24,26,37,41,42], 7 studies were conducted in Bangladesh, 2 studies were conducted in Jordan, and the rest of the studies were carried out in various other countries (Table 2).…”

“…Parental education level, lack of formal education [13,16,17,19,24,26,27,29,[31][32][33][34]36,39,40]; Family income, poverty in the family, income insecurity, financial pressure, dissatisfaction with the family's financial situation [13-15,17-19, 23-25,28-30,33-36,42]; Family size, overcrowded and dense family space [14,27,35,36,41]; Family religion [17,27,41]; Family type (nuclear, extended, single-parent) [28,35,41]; Length of stay in the neighborhood [27]; Violence, gender discrimination, unfair behaviors, and misbehavior against Social Determinants of Health for Slums women in the family [13,29,39]; Violence, gender discrimination, and unfair behaviors against children in the family [13,29,39]; Gender and age of family members [17,18]; Family cultural hobbies (the use of media, reading, etc.) [17,27]; Family wealth status [16,22,27,40]; Family race and ethnic group [18,…”

“…Lack of access to public resources (parks, green space, museums, libraries) ]20,28]; Lack of access to spaces for sports [13]; The presence of stray dogs and livestock in the neighborhood, density of mice [13]; Conflict, such as being annoyed and harassed by neighbors [28]; Lack of access to safe, high quality, and hygienic drinking water [13,19,31,35]; Noise pollution [28]; Environmental pollution of the place of residence, lack of cleanliness and poor sanitation of neighborhoods [13,14,30]; Lack of street lighting [13]; Existence of industrial pollution in the neighborhood [13]; Existence of unprotected hazards (such as railways and power lines) [13,28]; Lack of educational facilities and schools and low quality of education [30,39]; Inadequate and insufficient public health facilities located at long distances [14,16,27,29,38,39]; Insecure public space due to gang crime and conflicts, neighbors' crime and conflicts [14,30,39]; The quality of service delivery organizations in the neighborhood, such as stores, pharmacies, banks, and offices, and their long distances [28]; Lack of private-sector health facilities [38]; Lack of charitable and non-governmental health facilities [38]; Lack of places for recreation [35,39]; Inappropriate public transportation network and difficulty in accessing public transportation [2,13,19,28,31]; Physical hazards such as flood, subsidence, and fire [2,…”

“…Not performing health screening and annual tests [29]; Not taking care of personal hygiene such as bathing, nail trimming, and tooth-brushing [23,35]; Addiction of a family member to drugs or alcohol [37]; Parental insensitivity to family health [36]; Excessive smoking [24,31]; Insufficient physical activity [19,24]; Stress [29,39]; Low individual health literacy [12,23,36,39]; Low environmental health literacy [23].…”