The application of T1 and T2 relaxation time and magnetization transfer ratios to the early diagnosis of patellar cartilage osteoarthritis

Yao, Weiwu; Qu, Nan; Lu, Zhihua; Yang, Sheng

doi:10.1007/s00256-009-0769-8

Cited by 44 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…This was attributed to the depth-wise variation in cartilage collagen content as well as variations in the radial orientation of collagen fibrils and variations in the bound water fraction throughout the thickness of the cartilage. Yao et al [76] reported on the insensitivity of MTR measurements to early degenerative changes in cartilage, also suggesting that the dependence of the MTR on multiple factors makes variation in MTRs difficult to interpret.…”

Section: Magnetisation Transfermentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative parametric MRI of articular cartilage: a review of progress and open challenges

Binks

Hodgson²,

Ries³

et al. 2013

The British Journal of Radiology

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With increasing life expectancies and the desire to maintain active lifestyles well into old age, the impact of the debilitating disease osteoarthritis (OA) and its burden on healthcare services is mounting. Emerging regenerative therapies could deliver significant advances in the effective treatment of OA but rely upon the ability to identify the initial signs of tissue damage and will also benefit from quantitative assessment of tissue repair in vivo. Continued development in the field of quantitative MRI in recent years has seen the emergence of techniques able to probe the earliest biochemical changes linked with the onset of OA. Quantitative MRI measurements including T 1 , T 2 and T 1r relaxometry, diffusion weighted imaging and magnetisation transfer have been studied and linked to the macromolecular structure of cartilage. Delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage, sodium MRI and glycosaminoglycan chemical exchange saturation transfer techniques are sensitive to depletion of cartilage glycosaminoglycans and may allow detection of the earliest stages of OA. We review these current and emerging techniques for the diagnosis of early OA, evaluate the progress that has been made towards their implementation in the clinic and identify future challenges in the field.

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Section: Magnetisation Transfermentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative parametric MRI of articular cartilage: a review of progress and open challenges

Binks

Hodgson²,

Ries³

et al. 2013

The British Journal of Radiology

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“…Focal increases in T 2 values relative to surrounding cartilage are associated with loss of matrix integrity [81], cartilage lesions [83] and damage to the underlying bone [84]. While focal increases in T 2 are characteristic of degenerated cartilage [85], overall increases in T 2 can occur with normal ageing [46,86]. T 2 patterns also differ between normal cartilage and cartilage with pre-radiographic and radiographic damage [87].…”

Section: T 2 Mappingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some studies have used dGEMRIC to compute GAG content in healthy cartilage [31] and cartilage with preradiographic damage [49]. Overall, T 1,Gd is lower with preradiographic damage [47] and with radiographic cartilage damage and OA [43,46,48] when compared with healthy joints. T 1,Gd also correlates with radiographic scores of OA [43,44], joint alignment [43,45,101] and measures of joint pain [45].…”

Section: T 1 Mapping and Delayed Gadolinium-enhanced Magnetic Resonanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probing articular cartilage damage and disease by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging

Chan

Neu

2013

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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Osteoarthritis (OA) is a debilitating disease that reflects a complex interplay of biochemical, biomechanical, metabolic and genetic factors, which are often triggered by injury, and mediated by inflammation, catabolic cytokines and enzymes. An unmet clinical need is the lack of reliable methods that are able to probe the pathogenesis of early OA when disease-rectifying therapies may be most effective. Non-invasive quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) techniques have shown potential for characterizing the structural, biochemical and mechanical changes that occur with cartilage degeneration. In this paper, we review the background in articular cartilage and OA as it pertains to conventional MRI and qMRI techniques. We then discuss how conventional MRI and qMRI techniques are used in clinical and research environments to evaluate biochemical and mechanical changes associated with degeneration. Some qMRI techniques allow for the use of relaxometry values as indirect biomarkers for cartilage components. Direct characterization of mechanical behaviour of cartilage is possible via other specialized qMRI techniques. The combination of these qMRI techniques has the potential to fully characterize the biochemical and biomechanical states that represent the initial changes associated with cartilage degeneration. Additionally, knowledge of in vivo cartilage biochemistry and mechanical behaviour in healthy subjects and across a spectrum of osteoarthritic patients could lead to improvements in the detection, management and treatment of OA.

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“…Previous studies demonstrated that T2 relaxation times could differentiate OA patients and normal controls, which illustrates the clinical relevance of these measurements [23][24][25]47]. Li et al examined 16 healthy volunteers without clinical or radiological evidence of OA and 10 patients with early OA [24].…”

Section: Association Of T2 Measurements With Oamentioning

confidence: 94%

MR T2 Relaxation Time Measurements for Cartilage and Menisci

Baum

Link²,

Dardzinski³

2011

Cartilage Imaging

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IntroductionMagnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) can be used not only for morphologic but also for quantitative assessment of knee cartilage. Quantitative T1rho and T2 relaxation time measurements and dGEMRIC (delayed Gadolinium enhanced MRI of the cartilage) have emerged as potential cartilage biomarkers to assess early degenerative disease. This chapter focuses on the T2-technique and clinical applications of hyaline cartilage and meniscal T2 relaxation time measurements in particular at the knee.The chapter is structured into four parts: After a brief background section, image acquisition and processing are outlined. Subsequently, image analysis and clinical applications are presented. BackgroundEarly stages of knee osteoarthritis (OA) are characterized by degradation of components of the extracellular matrix of the cartilage [1,2]. The proteoglycan content decreases and the collagen network shows signs of disorganization. The latter induces higher water mobility and consequentially increased water content within the cartilage. These initial cartilage changes are subclinical, i.e., individuals do not have symptoms of OA. T1rho and T2 relaxation times are affected by these pathophysiological processes [3,4]. Whereas T1rho relaxation time is more sensitive to the proteoglycan content of the cartilage, T2 relaxation time is more sensitive to cartilage hydration and orientation and integrity of the collagen network. Therefore, T1rho and T2 are noninvasive biomarkers for cartilage degeneration. These biomarkers may be used to detect early stages of the disease, quantitatively assess disease severity, sensitively monitor disease progression, and monitor OA therapy. Since they are sensitive to tissue components of cartilage that change before morphologic signs are detectable, they are particularly suited for the early disease stages, which are not accessible with standard morphological MR imaging [5]. In one of the early studies, Dardzinski et al. analyzed T2 measurements in asymptomatic volunteers and found a reproducible pattern of increasing T2 that was proportional to the known spatial variation in cartilage water [6]. Based on these findings, the authors postulated that these regional T2 differences were secondary to the restricted mobility of cartilage water within an anisotropic solid matrix. In a subsequent clinical study, Mosher et al. studied asymptomatic volunteers and individuals with symptoms of patellar chondromalacia using quantitative T2 maps of patellar cartilage and found an asymptomatic increase in T2 with aging as well as an increase in cartilage T2 from the radial zone to the articular surface [7]. Based on these studies and findings, investigators adopted T2 relaxation time measurements to assess cartilage degeneration in clinical studies, which culminated in implementing T2 relaxation time measurements in the NIH sponsored Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) multicenter trial. Image Acquisition and Processing Imaging Sequences and Field StrengthQuantitative T2 relaxation time measurements in vivo are t...

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The application of T1 and T2 relaxation time and magnetization transfer ratios to the early diagnosis of patellar cartilage osteoarthritis

Cited by 44 publications

References 28 publications

Quantitative parametric MRI of articular cartilage: a review of progress and open challenges

Quantitative parametric MRI of articular cartilage: a review of progress and open challenges

Probing articular cartilage damage and disease by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging

MR T2 Relaxation Time Measurements for Cartilage and Menisci

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