The application of supported liquid extraction in the analysis of benzodiazepines using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Doctor, Erika L; McCord, Bruce

doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2015.07.036

Cited by 30 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Other non-opioid pharmaceuticals have been detected in water and spiked urine in the 5–500 ng/mL range with a chemical extraction procedure. [23,24]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Picoanalysis of Drugs in Biofluids with Quantitative Label‐Free Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

Turzhitsky

Zhang

Horowitz

et al. 2018

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The enormous increase of Raman signal in the vicinity of metal nanoparticles allows surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to be employed for label-free detection of substances at extremely low concentrations. However, the ultimate potential of label-free SERS to identify pharmaceutical compounds at low concentrations, especially in relation to biofluid sensing, is far from being fully realized. Opioids are a particular challenge for rapid clinical identification because their molecular structural similarities prevent their differentiation with immunolabeling approaches. In this paper, we report a new method called quantitative label-free SERS (QLF-SERS) which involves the formation of halide-conjugated gold nanoclusters trapping the analyte of interest near the SERS hot spots, and we demonstrate that it yields a 105 fold improvement in the detection limit over previously reported results for the entire class of clinically-relevant opioids and their metabolites. Measurements of opioid concentrations in multi-component mixtures are also demonstrated. QLF-SERS has comparable detection limits as currently existing laboratory urine drug testing techniques but is significantly faster and inexpensive and, therefore, could be easily adapted as part of a rapid clinical laboratory routine.

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“…Other non-opioid pharmaceuticals have been detected in water and spiked urine in the 5–500 ng/mL range with a chemical extraction procedure. [23,24]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Picoanalysis of Drugs in Biofluids with Quantitative Label‐Free Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

Turzhitsky

Zhang

Horowitz

et al. 2018

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“…This technique is a nondestructive analysis, it needs no sample preparation, and the sample size can be in the order of picograms. Recently, Raman spectroscopy has been shown to be an effective multipurpose analytical method for forensic applications: identification of drugs [3], lipsticks [4], fibers [5], paints [6], and ink [7]. A previous study reported the identification of body fluids using Raman spectroscopy [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood identification and discrimination between human and nonhuman blood using portable Raman spectroscopy

et al. 2016

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Raman spectroscopy is commonly used in chemistry to identify molecular structure. This technique is a nondestructive analysis and needs no sample preparation. Recently, Raman spectroscopy has been shown to be effective as a multipurpose analytical method for forensic applications. In the present study, blood identification and discrimination between human and nonhuman blood were performed by a portable Raman spectrometer, which can be used at a crime scene. To identify the blood and to discriminate between human and nonhuman blood, Raman spectra of bloodstains from 11 species (human, rat, mouse, cow, horse, sheep, pig, rabbit, cat, dog, and chicken) were taken using a portable Raman spectrometer. Raman peaks for blood (742, 1001, 1123, 1247, 1341, 1368, 1446, 1576, and 1619 cm) could be observed by the portable Raman spectrometer in all 11 species, and the human bloodstain could be distinguished from the nonhuman ones by using a principal component analysis. This analysis can be performed on a bloodstain sample of at least 3 months old. The portable Raman spectrometer can be used at a crime scene, and this analysis is useful for forensic examination.

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“…Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has been shown to have great potential to solve these problems, by providing a sensitive, selective, label-free, and immuno-free screening approach that yields molecular fingerprint signals from xenobiotics at toxicological concentrations. − SERS is a surface spectroscopic technique which achieves amplification of the inherently weak Raman scattering via the use of plasmonic nanostructures, thus, enabling the detection of trace analytes . This was achieved by our group on benzodiazepines and SCBs, both as standard solutions and in fortified urine samples. − Furthermore, the work on SCBs demonstrated that SERS is a selective technique, which is able to discriminate between highly similar structures, such as JWH-018, JWH-073, JWH-081, and JWH-122 . Selectivity can also be achieved by other screening approaches, such as molecularly imprinted polymer based quartz crystal microbalance sensors (MIP-QCM) .…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The first SERS-based screening test for drugs of abuse in oral fluid was developed by Farquharson’s group and was tailored at the development of a commercial lab-on-a-chip device for the detection of cocaine, benzoylecgonine, and a number of barbiturates in fortified oral fluid (FOF) . Sample cleanup is of fundamental importance when detecting analytes in complex matrices such as biological fluids, as the multitude of species constituting them competes for adsorption on the nanoparticle surface, ultimately preventing direct analysis of target drugs. ,, Farquharson’s group utilized dilution in sulfuric acid or acetic acid and sonication as an off-line pretreatment, followed by metal-doped sol–gels incorporated into capillaries as both enhancing substrates and in-line separation columns . The same group later modified the lab-on-a-chip device by adding an octyl- and benzyl sulfone-functionalized SPE column for in-line analyte separation and preconcentration .…”

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confidence: 99%

Micro Solid Phase Extraction Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (μ-SPE/SERS) Screening Test for the Detection of the Synthetic Cannabinoid JWH-018 in Oral Fluid

et al. 2019

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An analytical protocol based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and aimed at the detection of toxicologically relevant concentrations of JWH-018 in oral fluid is presented for the first time. A DFT-supported in-depth vibrational characterization of the drug in the solid state and in solution was also performed, providing a body of literature for future spectroscopic work on the compound. A Langmuir adsorption model was used to derive quantitative parameters such as the affinity of JWH-018 for citrate-capped gold nanospheres as well as the LOD. The application of the implemented method to the analysis of extracts from fortified oral fluid samples demonstrates the feasibility of SERS as an alternative to current immunoassays as a screening tool for use in emergency room settings.

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The application of supported liquid extraction in the analysis of benzodiazepines using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Cited by 30 publications

References 23 publications

Picoanalysis of Drugs in Biofluids with Quantitative Label‐Free Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

Picoanalysis of Drugs in Biofluids with Quantitative Label‐Free Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

Blood identification and discrimination between human and nonhuman blood using portable Raman spectroscopy

Micro Solid Phase Extraction Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (μ-SPE/SERS) Screening Test for the Detection of the Synthetic Cannabinoid JWH-018 in Oral Fluid

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