The application of portable microchip electrophoresis for the screening and comparative analysis of synthetic cathinone seizures

Lloyd, Aimee; Russell, Matthew; Blanes, Lucas; Somerville, R.F.; Doble, Philip; Roux, Claude

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.06.013

Cited by 21 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…When compared to conventional CE systems, ME devices offer several advantages including shorter analysis times, lower sample consumption, higher throughput capability, portability, and possibility of integrating multiple analytical steps in the same platform . Currently, ME have been largely applied in medical, pharmaceutical and forensic analysis, environmental monitoring and food quality control, coupled with a variety of detection methods, such as LIF, MS, and electrochemical modes as amperometry .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrodeposition of reduced graphene oxide on a Pt electrode and its use as amperometric sensor in microchip electrophoresis

et al. 2015

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This report describes the development and application of a novel graphene-modified electrode to be used as amperometric sensor in microchip electrophoresis (ME) devices. The modified electrode was achieved based on electroreduction of graphene oxide on an integrated Pt working electrode of a commercial ME device. The surface modification was characterized by SEM and cyclic voltammetry techniques. The results indicated that graphene sheets were successfully deposited exhibiting higher surface conductivity and greater electrode sensitivity. The performance of the modified electrode for the amperometric detection on ME devices has been demonstrated by the separation and detection of an anionic mixture containing iodide and ascorbate. The graphene-modified electrode provided significantly higher sensitivity (896.7 vs. 210.9 pA/μM for iodide and 217.8 vs. 127.8 pA/μM for ascorbate), better separation efficiencies (3400 vs. 700 plates/m for iodide and 10 000 vs. 2400 plates/m for ascorbate), enhanced peak resolutions (1.6 vs. 1.0), and LODs (1.5 vs. 5.3 μM for iodide and 3.1 vs. 7.3 μM for ascorbate) in comparison with the unmodified Pt electrode. The proposed amperometric sensor was successfully applied for the analysis of ascorbic acid (through its anionic form) in a commercial medicine sample, and the results achieved were in agreement with the value provided by the supplier. Based on the data here presented, the modified graphene electrode shows great promise for ME applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrodeposition of reduced graphene oxide on a Pt electrode and its use as amperometric sensor in microchip electrophoresis

et al. 2015

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“…The experiments were thus performed in a stop flow mode, with mobilization via pressure or voltage. This was applied on fluorinated compounds by using 19 F NMR, thus avoiding derivatization. Full portability would be achieved by coupling this portable NMR system to a portable CE instrument, offering also a reduced footprint [16].…”

Section: Advances In Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lloyd et al used a commercial MCE device to investigate synthetic cathinone seizures [19]. These compounds typically occur on the illicit drug market.…”

Section: Recent Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Portable Analytical Electromigration Devices

Schepdael

2016

Separations

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“…19 This implies that a fast classification may lead to a faster disappearance of substances not yet established on the drug market. [21][22][23] The analytical toolbox includes several analytical techniques, [24][25][26][27][28] of which gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) are the most widely employed. 20 Analysis of synthetic cathinones is possible in a range of different matrices, including powders, tablets, blood, urine, and hair.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…20 Analysis of synthetic cathinones is possible in a range of different matrices, including powders, tablets, blood, urine, and hair. [21][22][23] The analytical toolbox includes several analytical techniques, [24][25][26][27][28] of which gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) are the most widely employed.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of designer drugs: Synthesis and spectroscopic analysis of synthetic cathinone analogs that may appear on the Swedish drug market

Carlsson

Sandgren

Svensson

et al. 2018

Drug Testing and Analysis

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The use of hyphenated analytical techniques in forensic drug screening enables simultaneous identification of a wide range of different compounds. However, the appearance of drug seizures containing new substances, mainly new psychoactive substances (NPS), is steadily increasing. These new and other already known substances often possess structural similarities and consequently they exhibit spectral data with slight differences. This situation has made the criteria that ensure indubitable identification of compounds increasingly important. In this work, 6 new synthetic cathinones that have not yet appeared in any Swedish drug seizures were synthesized. Their chemical structures were similar to those of already known cathinone analogs of which 42 were also included in the study. Hence, a total of 48 synthetic cathinones making up sets of homologous and regioisomeric compounds were used to challenge the capabilities of various analytical techniques commonly applied in forensic drug screening, ie, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), gas chromatography-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (GC-FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). Special attention was paid to the capabilities of GC-MS and GC-FTIR to distinguish between the synthetic cathinones and the results showed that neither GC-MS nor GC-FTIR alone can successfully differentiate between all synthetic cathinones. However, the 2 techniques proved to be complementary and their combined use is therefore beneficial. For example, the structural homologs were better differentiated by GC-MS, while GC-FTIR performed better for the regioisomers. Further, new spectroscopic data of the synthesized cathinone analogs is hereby presented for the forensic community. The synthetic work also showed that cathinone reference compounds can be produced in few reaction steps.

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The application of portable microchip electrophoresis for the screening and comparative analysis of synthetic cathinone seizures

Cited by 21 publications

References 13 publications

Electrodeposition of reduced graphene oxide on a Pt electrode and its use as amperometric sensor in microchip electrophoresis

Electrodeposition of reduced graphene oxide on a Pt electrode and its use as amperometric sensor in microchip electrophoresis

Recent Advances in Portable Analytical Electromigration Devices

Prediction of designer drugs: Synthesis and spectroscopic analysis of synthetic cathinone analogs that may appear on the Swedish drug market

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