The Application of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment: A Review

Abstract

Cancer is one of the deadliest diseases worldwide in present times, with its incidence on a tremendous rise. It is caused by uncontrolled cell growth. Cancer therapies have advanced substantially, but there is a need for improvement in specificity and fear of systemic toxicity. Early detection is critical in improving patients' prognosis and quality of life, and recent advancements in technology, especially in dealing with biomaterials, have aided in that surge. Nanotechnology possesses the key to solving many of the downsides of traditional pharmaceutical formulations. Indeed, significant progress has been made in using customized nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis and treatment with high specificity, sensitivity, and efficacy. Nanotechnology is the integration of nanoscience into medicine by the use of nanoparticles. The advent of nanoscience in cancer diagnosis and treatment will help clinicians better assess and manage patients and improve the healthcare system and services. This review article gives an account of the clinical applications of nanoscience in the modern management of cancer, the different modalities of nanotechnology used, and the limitations and possible side effects of this new tool.

Unleashing the promise of emerging nanomaterials as a sustainable platform to mitigate antimicrobial resistance

“…216 Nanomaterials are being extensively studied in medical science for drug delivery due to the mutual penetration of nanoscience and current technology. 217 Drug delivery aims to maximize bioavailability at certain sites in the body and over an extended period. Molecular targeting using nanoengineered carriers may be one way to do this.…”

Graphene family in cancer therapy: recent progress in cancer gene/drug delivery applications

“…A further investigation was designed by Ding et al 252 resulting in the construction of an NGO-based cancer-targeting nanoparticle as a potential drug delivery agent through noncovalent functionalization via cucurbit [7] uril (CB [7]). Accordingly, CB [7] was loaded on NGO, and the resultant NGO-CB [7] was grafted with a photosensitizer (chlorin e6) and a hypoxia-responsive prodrug (AQ4N, banoxantrone dihydrochloride). Following that, a CB [7] guest (OX, oxaliplatin) and a CD44 targeting molecule that elevates biocompatibility, ADA-hyaluronic acid (ADA-HA), were loaded.…”

“…Accordingly, CB [7] was loaded on NGO, and the resultant NGO-CB [7] was grafted with a photosensitizer (chlorin e6) and a hypoxia-responsive prodrug (AQ4N, banoxantrone dihydrochloride). Following that, a CB [7] guest (OX, oxaliplatin) and a CD44 targeting molecule that elevates biocompatibility, ADA-hyaluronic acid (ADA-HA), were loaded. Owing to the presence of NGO/Ce6, this nanoplatform may operate as a PTT-PDT agent alongside a dual-chemotherapy agent due to OX and AQ4N for the treatment of L02 (human fetal hepatocyte line) and B16 (murine melanoma) cells.…”

“…Because they are so much smaller than cells, they can interface with the cell membrane and be taken within the cell, making them very useful in biomedicine. 7 However, these attributes can change depending on the nanoparticles' structure, size, and shape. Many characteristics, such as the kind of material and the number of dimensions (1D, [8][9][10] 2D, and 3D), are used to classify nanomaterials into distinct categories.…”

Hyaluronic Acid-Coated Chitosan Nanoparticles as an Active Targeted Carrier of Alpha Mangostin for Breast Cancer Cells

“…Modification of nanoparticles aims to improve drug targeting through passive or active targeting [ 29 , 30 ]. Passive targeting can enhance the penetration of nanoparticles to the tumor tissue site through an enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ]. Meanwhile, active targeting contains structural modifications and surface functionalization of nanoparticles that lead to more specific targeting capabilities [ 36 , 37 ].…”