The Application of Nafion Metal Catalyst Free Carbon Nanotube Modified Gold Electrode: Voltammetric Zinc Detection in Serum

Abstract

Metal catalyst free carbon nanotube (MCFCNT) whiskers were first used as an electrode modification material on a gold electrode surface for zinc voltammetric measurements. A composite film of Nafion and MCFCNT whiskers was applied to a gold electrode surface to form a mechanically stable sensor. The sensor was then used for zinc detection in both acetate buffer solution and extracted bovine serum solution. A limit of detection of 53 nM was achieved for a 120 s deposition time. The zinc in bovine serum was extracted via a double extraction procedure using dithizone in chloroform as a zinc chelating ligand. The modified electrode was found to be both reliable and sensitive for zinc measurements in both matrices.

Disposable Copper-Based Electrochemical Sensor for Anodic Stripping Voltammetry

“… 15 Thus, a more complex approach that is able to extract metal ions from proteins and remove proteins by phase separation is needed. Herein, we use the extraction procedure with dithizone and trifluoroacetic acid that was reported by our collaborators, which achieves 92–95% recovery of Zn 37 in serum by stripping voltammetry.…”

Carbon Nanotubes Heavy Metal Detection with Stripping Voltammetry: A Review Paper

“…Pb -Tap water 0.21-6.2 ppb 0.21 ppb 2013 [100] MWCNT-Au Nafion Zn -Bovine serum 32.7-457.7 ppb 3.47 ppb 2013 [101] MWCNT-CPE Schiff base Cd -Various water samples/human hair/milk powder/fungi/tobacco 0.2-23 ppb 0.08 ppb 2014 [93] MWCNT-ITO Phytate Cu -River water 0.63-63.6 ppb 158.9 ppb 2014 [90] MWCNT-GC Nafion Eu --0.15-15.2 ppb 0.056 ppb 2014 [85] MWCNT-CPE Hydroxyapatite/ [dmIm][PF6]IL Pb -Oil field water 0.27-2072 ppb 0.004 ppb 2014 [102] MWCNT-Pt Nafion/ P1,5-DAN Pb, Cd Yes River water 4-150 ppb 2.1 ppb 3.2 ppb 2015 [103] MWCNT-CPE Schiff base Cu -River water 0.09-340 ppb 0.01 ppb 2015 [94] CNF-GC Nafion Pb, Cd Yes --0.19 ppb 0.31 ppb 2015 [104] MWCNT-pyrolytic graphite Salicylaldehyde azine/Nafion Cu -River water 0.32-19.1 ppb 0.064 ppb 2015 [105] MWCNT-CPE ACABP Ag -Tap/well/waste water/tea leafs 0.5-270 ppb 0.079 ppb 2015 [106] MWCNT-GC Poly(PCV)/Bi Pb, Cd Yes Tap/well water 1-200 ppb 1-300 ppb 0.4 ppb 0.2 ppb 2015 [107] MWCNT-GC BiOCl/Nafion Pb, Cd Yes Sediment pore water 5-50 ppb 0.57 ppb 1.2 ppb 2015 [108] SWCNT-Au PABS/ DMAET Hg -Waste water 20-250 ppb 12.0 ppb 2016 [109] MWCNT-CPE iodoquinol Cu -Oil and tap water 0.64-317.8 ppb 0.32 ppb 2016 [95] MWCNT-GC β-CD/Nafion/Bi Pb, Cd Yes Soil 1-100 ppb 0.13 ppb 0.21 ppb 2016 [110] GN-hyxCNTs-CPE -Cu -Pond water 1.3-705.4 ppb 0.6 ppb 2016 [111] 1.98-7.06 ppm [112] PANI: polyanilineβ-CD: β-cyclodextrin; DMF: dimethylformamide; ; PPh3: Triphenyl phosphine; [dmIm][PF6]IL: 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluoro phosphate ionic liquid; P1,5-DAN (poly(1,5-diaminonaphthalene)); ACABP: N_(4_{4_[(anilinocarbothioyl)amino]benzyl}phenyl)_N_phenylthiourea; PABS: poly (m-amino benzene sulfonic acid); DMAET: dimethyl amino ethane thiol…”

Improving Reproducibility of Lab-on-a-Chip Sensor with Bismuth Working Electrode for Determining Zn in Serum by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry

“…The extraction procedure developed earlier was followed. 16 First, 10 mL (5 mM) dithizone in chloroform was deprotonated by mixing with 10 mL (pH 9) 1 M ammonia/0.5 M ammonium buffer solution. Then the deprotonated form of dithizone was mixed with the solution containing serum and 0.5 mL of 0.05 M potassium thiocyanate in ethanol, followed by sonication for a period of 5 min.…”