The Application of Molecular Spectroscopy in Combination with Chemometrics for Halal Authentication Analysis: A Review

Abstract

Halal is an Arabic term used to describe any components allowed to be used in any products by Muslim communities. Halal food and halal pharmaceuticals are any food and pharmaceuticals which are safe and allowed to be consumed according to Islamic law (Shariah). Currently, in line with halal awareness, some Muslim countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, and Middle East regions have developed some standards and regulations on halal products and halal certification. Among non-halal components, the presence of pig derivatives (lard, pork, and porcine gelatin) along with other non-halal meats (rat meat, wild boar meat, and dog meat) is typically found in food and pharmaceutical products. This review updates the recent application of molecular spectroscopy, including ultraviolet-visible, infrared, Raman, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies, in combination with chemometrics of multivariate analysis, for analysis of non-halal components in food and pharmaceutical products. The combination of molecular spectroscopic-based techniques and chemometrics offers fast and reliable methods for screening the presence of non-halal components of pig derivatives and non-halal meats in food and pharmaceutical products.

Diagnosis of Lung Cancer by ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics

“…PLS-DA is a linear supervised classification technique combining partial least squares (PLS) regression with linear discriminant analysis (LDA) ( 25 ). It can find variables and directions from the multivariate space to distinguish the categories in the calibration set ( 26 ).…”

Comprehensive Review on Application of FTIR Spectroscopy Coupled with Chemometrics for Authentication Analysis of Fats and Oils in the Food Products

“…Among these three regions, MIR is the most widely applied for authentication analysis of fats and oils; therefore, in this review, we focused only on the MIR region. Recently, some reviews on the application of FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics existed in different fields including biopharmaceuticals [ 35 ], halal food authentication analysis [ 36 ], authentication of meat and meat-based food [ 37 ], discrimination and authentication of herbal products [ 38 ], and authentication analysis of biomolecules in biomedical fluids [ 39 ]. FTIR spectra obtained during authentication analysis are complex and difficult to interpret; fortunately, with the development of chemometrics software and computer technology, the problems can be solved.…”

“…Some data pre-processing, such as mean centering, Savitzky–Golay-based derivatization, standard normal variate, baseline corrections, signal correction and compression, spectra normalizations, and multiplicative correction are used to obtain optimum result. The detailed chemometrics applied in classification and quantitative analysis were reviewed by Rohman and Windarsih [ 36 ].…”

“…DA classifies samples by minimizing class ratio between membership and maximizing class ratio within membership. PLS-DA works by finding the variables both in X and Y matrix responsible for the classification of established classes, while OPLS-DA searches for orthogonal variables capable of class differentiation [ 36 ].…”

Recent advances in halal food authentication: Challenges and strategies

“…Alam and Sayuti (2011) established that the halal food industry developed at a rate of 7% annually. The advancement of science and technology in the 21st century, specifically in the food processing industry, has prompted the assortment of ingredients in food products such as gelatin, genetically modified (GM) foods, and pharmaceutical products by Muslims (Abd Mutalib et al., 2015; Nikolić et al., 2009; Rohman & Windarsih, 2020;). Halal covers all aspects of food production from raw materials, food processing, and food handling services.…”