The application of macro-X-ray fluorescence and optical coherence tomography for examination of parchment manuscripts

Targowski, Piotr; Pronobis-Gajdzis, Małgorzata; Surmak, Aleksandra; Iwanicka, Magdalena; Kaszewska, Ewa A.; Sylwestrzak, Marcin

doi:10.1179/0039363015z.000000000221

Cited by 20 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Therefore, we reduced to a minimum in our study. Future research should additionally include complementary, non-destructive methods such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) [56,57], macroscopic reflection mode FTIR (MA-rFTIR) [58] or multiphoton excitation fluorescence (MPEF) [59] to confirm and expand results concerning paint and corrosion layers.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncovering the illegible: multi-analytical approach to reveal paint stratigraphy of corroded signposts from the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum

et al. 2019

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Object discoveries from the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum (PMA-B) in Poland challenge the efforts to preserve paint on corroded steel supports. The objects have been exposed to outdoor weathering conditions and then buried for about 65 years. This caused severe damage, such as corrosion and paint delamination. The fragile condition of such cultural heritage objects makes their preservation difficult and comprehensive studies for paint conservation are lacking. Additionally, a thorough investigation of used materials is needed to put objects produced by forced labour in historical context. In this study, we analysed signposts from the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum (Poland) collection to gain information about used materials, the object's genesis as well as damage phenomenology. Literature research suggests that the signposts may be produced within the former German NAZI concentration and extermination camp. Inorganic constituents were identified using elemental analysis, such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and scanning electron microscopy coupled to an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDS). Organic matter was analysed utilizing vibrational spectroscopic instrumentation Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Our results include the use of synthetic organic pigments (SOPs) and binders, which were newly emerged paint materials at that time. The study highlights the need for conservators to have detailed understanding of composite materials and demonstrates the need for further investigation concerning painted steel objects.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncovering the illegible: multi-analytical approach to reveal paint stratigraphy of corroded signposts from the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum

et al. 2019

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“…Moreover, Ca with other elements, such as P and S refer to the bone black pigment [40]. P, Na, S, Si, and Al are undetectable by the MA-XRF [16,27,41]. Fe may refer to the reddish brown and yellow iron oxides (Fe 2 O 3 / Fe 2 O 3 .H 2 O) used as pigments in the reddish brown and yellow paint layers in different shadows [7,42].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because of the possibility of MA-XRF scanning to collect spectra and maps from the surface of inorganic object without sampling [26,27], the study employed the MA-XRF scanning system (M6 Jetstream, Bruker Nano GmbH, Berlin, Germany) based on the Center for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, ICNT, Nicolaus Copernicus University UMK in Toruñ, Poland. An X-ray tube with a rhodium target at 50 kV was used; an anode current of 600 ìA, no filters and a 30 mm2 SDD with zirconium window were utilized.…”

Section: Macro X-ray Fluorescence (Ma-xrf)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of the Painting Materials of a Unique Easel Painting by Mahmoud Sa'id

Elsayed

2019

Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies

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The present study aims at examining a unique easel painting by the well-known Egyptian painter, Mahmoud Sa'id. It was painted over four years and displayed at the Agricultural Museum in Egypt. It experienced many deterioration phenomena. The study utilized some non-destructive and non-invasive analytical techniques, i.e. MA-XRF, SEM-EDX, ATR-FTIR, and GC-FID in addition to XRD and SM. Due to the case-study painting multilayers technique, the results of MA-XRF and EDX mapping and XRD patterns revealed using Ultramarine (Na,Ca) 8 (AlSiO 4) 6 (SO 4 ,S,Cl) 2 , yellow ochre (Fe 2 O 3 .H 2 O), red ochre (Fe 2 O 3), and a mixture of graphite (C) and bone black (C,Ca 5 (OH)(PO 4) 3) as a coloring pigments in the blue, yellow, reddish brown and black samples, respectively. Moreover, Barite (BaSO 4) and Zincite (ZnO) were used in the ground layer with Hydrocerussite (Pb 3 (CO 3) 2 (OH) 2) and Sphalerite (ZnS) in lightening colors. Linseed oil was asserted as the pigment binding media, while the binding media of the ground layer was not confirmed. Furthermore, fragility, brittleness, cleavages, peeling, cracks, macro cracks, stains, and ancient fault restoration were detected in the casestudy painting. Accordingly, it urgently requires treatment.

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“…MA-XRF was used together with optical coherence tomography (OCT) for the inspection of a late sixteenth century illuminated parchment manuscript (a gradual), originating from the Convent of the Benedictine Sisters in Lviv (Ukraine) (Fig. 8) [236]. It was employed both for mapping the elemental distribution over large parts of the folios (which included illuminated initials; see Fig.…”

Section: _####_ Page 28 Of 51mentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Invasive and Non-Destructive Examination of Artistic Pigments, Paints, and Paintings by Means of X-Ray Methods

et al. 2016

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Recent studies are concisely reviewed, in which X-ray beams of (sub)micrometre to millimetre dimensions have been used for non-destructive analysis and characterization of pigments, minute paint samples, and/or entire paintings from the seventeenth to the early twentieth century painters. The overview presented encompasses the use of laboratory and synchrotron radiation-based instrumentation and deals with the use of several variants of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) as a method of elemental analysis and imaging, as well as with the combined use of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Microscopic XRF is a variant of the method that is well suited to visualize the elemental distribution of key elements, mostly metals, present in paint multi-layers, on the length scale from 1 to 100 μm inside micro-samples taken from paintings. In the context of the characterization of artists' pigments subjected to natural degradation, the use of methods limited to elemental analysis or imaging usually is not sufficient to elucidate the chemical transformations that have taken place. However, at synchrotron facilities, combinations of μ-XRF with related methods such as μ-XAS and μ-XRD have proven themselves to be very suitable for such studies. Their use is often combined with microscopic Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and/or Raman microscopy since these methods deliver complementary information of high molecular specificity at more or less the same length scale as the X-ray microprobe techniques. Since microscopic investigation of a relatively limited number of minute paint samples, taken from a given work of art, may not yield representative information about the entire artefact, several methods for macroscopic, non-invasive imaging have recently been developed. Those based on XRF scanning and full-field hyperspectral imaging appear very promising; some recent published results are discussed.

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The application of macro-X-ray fluorescence and optical coherence tomography for examination of parchment manuscripts

Cited by 20 publications

References 15 publications

Uncovering the illegible: multi-analytical approach to reveal paint stratigraphy of corroded signposts from the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum

Uncovering the illegible: multi-analytical approach to reveal paint stratigraphy of corroded signposts from the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum

Identification of the Painting Materials of a Unique Easel Painting by Mahmoud Sa'id

Non-Invasive and Non-Destructive Examination of Artistic Pigments, Paints, and Paintings by Means of X-Ray Methods

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