The application of kinetics to the hazardous behavior of ammonium nitrate

Hainer, R. M.

doi:10.1016/s0082-0784(55)80032-x

Cited by 17 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Furthermore, the product gases were collected inside a closed glass vessel and the reaction rates were determined from the pressure -time curves. The reaction rates obtained were found to be about 20 times higher than other studies designed to get the exothermic reactions [16], probably due to the higher rate of heating and the inclusion of the NH 3 and HNO 3 in the product gases in Robertsons experiments. Both reactions Eqs.…”

Section: Energy Balance Modelcontrasting

confidence: 55%

Onset Temperatures in Hot Wire Ignition of AN‐Based Emulsions

Chan¹,

Turcotte

2009

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Hot wire ignition experiments were carried out recently at the Canadian Explosives Research Laboratory on a few emulsion formulations. The data indicate that there is a pressure-dependent onset temperature beyond which the wire temperature increases at an accelerated rate. In order to explain this observation and to detect this temperature more consistently, particularly at low pressures, the data are reanalysed by comparing the experimental wire temperature with that predicted from theory for the heating of an inert material. For this purpose, an analytical theory from the literature is reviewed and the numerical solution developed in this report is described. The latter can deal with more general solutions with variable thermal properties and chemical reactions in the condensed medium surrounding the wire. A review of available data on the vapour pressure of ammonium nitrate (AN)/water solutions is carried out and one set of data is correlated analytically to allow the general prediction for any concentration of water. A model is proposed to predict the phase transition temperature based on the energy balance of the endothermic effects of water vapourization and AN dissociation/ decomposition and the heat input from the hot wire. The predicted onset temperatures are shown to be in reasonable to excellent agreement with experiment depending on the compositions, which include emulsions with 9%, 18% water and additional ingredients of sodium nitrate, sodium perchlorate and urea. It is postulated that the minimum burning pressure (MBP) would lie on the transition temperature/pressure curve. However, locating this point requires an accurate prediction of the heat feedback from the exothermic reaction zone in the gas phase.

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Section: Energy Balance Modelcontrasting

confidence: 55%

Onset Temperatures in Hot Wire Ignition of AN‐Based Emulsions

Chan¹,

Turcotte

2009

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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“…These results defi ne the conditions for the critical size of storage for compounds such as ammonium nitrate as a function of the ambient temperature T 0 [7] . Similarly, it represents the variation in mass of combustible material that will spontaneously ignite as a function of the ambient temperature T 0 .…”

Section: A the Stationary Solution-the Critical Mass And Spontaneoumentioning

confidence: 76%

Ignition

Glassman¹,

Yetter²

2008

Combustion

124

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“…Additional researchers documenting the effects of Cl – on increasing the decomposition of AN include Braconier and Delsemme, Hainer, Keenan, and Guiochon . Very little chlorine content is needed in order to increase the decomposition rate of AN.…”

Section: Reactions Involving Additional Substancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate

Babrauskas

Leggett²

2019

Fire and Materials

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The thermal decomposition reactions of ammonium nitrate (AN) are reviewed. Both neat AN and AN containing various contaminants are examined, however quantitative kinetics results are not encompassed. Also not included is the performance of AN as the oxidizer in rocket propellants or in explosives such as ANFO. The review is intended to be the most comprehensive review of decomposition reactions of AN since Berthelot's treatise of 1892. Despite hundreds of papers on the topic that have appeared in the intervening years, understanding of decomposition mechanisms remains only modestly more complete than it was in Berthelot's day. However, some additional reaction steps and mechanisms have been identified and these are discussed. Explosions of AN most commonly involve fire as the proximate cause, yet chemical-mechanism research on the topic is nil. A modest number of studies have explored the potentiation of AN decomposition by organic contaminants. These have, thus far, not produced guidance useful for promoting of safety from fire-related causes. Contamination from inorganic sources, notably chlorides is better understood and some mechanisms have been studied. The UN classification of AN as an oxidizer, instead of as an explosive, should not be interpreted literally, since AN has been associated with numerous detonation disasters. K E Y W O R D Sammonium nitrate,

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The application of kinetics to the hazardous behavior of ammonium nitrate

Cited by 17 publications

References 9 publications

Onset Temperatures in Hot Wire Ignition of AN‐Based Emulsions

Onset Temperatures in Hot Wire Ignition of AN‐Based Emulsions

Ignition

Thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate

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