The application of hydrogeochemical and stable isotope data to decipher the origin and evolution of hot springs in the Rawadanau Basin, Indonesia

Hartanto, Priyo; Alam, Boy Yoseph Css Syah; Lubis, Rachmat Fajar; Ismawan, Ismawan; Iskandarsyah, T. Yan W. M.; Sendjaja, Yoga Andriana; Hendarmawan, Hendarmawan

doi:10.1016/j.geothermics.2022.102506

Cited by 2 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Changes in negative to positive CAI values in the two seasons are shown in the Ca-Na-Mg-HCO3 water type. However, this did not occur in the Cl water type, where the CAI calculation results showed positive values in the two seasons, consistent with no change in the two seasons, which is a product of deep circulation water [8]. A positive CAI value for the Cl water type indicates no mixing and changes in dissolved sources in the water.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…During the dry season, samples showed positive CAI values between 0.08 and 0.46. That indicates an exchange process: releasing Na + and K + in groundwater and exchanging Ca 2+ or Mg 2+ in aquifers [8,12]. The distribution of locations showing positive CAI values is presented in Figure 3.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Sixteen samples were collected and analyzed at twelve hot spring locations, and four locations collect for two seasons in Figure 1. The thermal waters, discharge temperature, electrical conductivity, and pH vary from 31.2 to 54.6° C, 1099 to 4460 μS/cm, and 6.2 to 7.3, respectively [8] in Table 1. The sampling and major ion analysis results were plotted on a Piper diagram shown in Figure 2 [15].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The alkaline hydrochemical facies, Ca-Mg-HCO3, reflect the geology of the volcanic area. Groundwater is formed in its up flow by the interaction of minerals in the aquifer between the groundwater and the rocks its travers flows [8]. During the residence time of water in the rock, ion exchange occurs between Na + +K + ions with Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ in groundwater.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The two minerals (Calcium and Magnesium) are most commonly found in hot springs, where these minerals can form deposits and regulate the pH of the water. Changes in water quality are caused by chemical processes interacting with the media it is flowing up [7][8][9]. One of the chemical processes in water can be understood by the ion exchange rate, namely the chloro-alkaline index (CAI) [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use the hot spring’s Chloro-Alkaline Index (CAI) for the low enthalpy prospect of the Rawadanau geothermal field

Hartanto,

Lubis

2023

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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The emergence of hot springs along the volcanic shelf in Indonesia is a feature of geothermal manifestations. The geothermal system is affected by heat sources, reservoir rocks, cap rocks, and meteoric water that fills and escapes as hot springs through fractures. The Rawadanau geothermal field in Serang Banten is low enthalpy prospects. Geothermal maintenance is defined by the chemical composition of the hot springs, one of which can be determined by the ion exchange rate, namely the chloro-alkaline index (CAI) method. There are 16 hot spring samples, with temperatures (31.2 - 54.6 °C), pH (6.2 – 7.3), and EC (1190 – 4460 μS/cm), respectively. The water types encountered are Na-Cl in the southern and Mg-Ca-HCO3, and Na-Mg-Ca-HCO3-Cl in the northern and western, respectively. Generally, samples taken in the rainy show negative CAI and positive CAI in the dry, while Cl-type is positive in two seasons. Based on water type and CAI show that the Na-Cl type tends to be positive in the two seasons. While the Ca-Mg-HCO3 type is positive in the dry and negative in the rainy, and the Mixed-type shows a negative CAI. The results of this study provide information for the maintenance of geothermal fields as they are developed.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 68%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Use the hot spring’s Chloro-Alkaline Index (CAI) for the low enthalpy prospect of the Rawadanau geothermal field

Hartanto,

Lubis

2023

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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Multivariate Data Analysis to Assess Groundwater Hydrochemical Characterization in Rawadanau Basin, Banten Indonesia

Hartanto,

Lubis,

Alam

et al. 2024

MGPB

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A multivariate statistical technique of principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) has been applied to identify and classify the various water sources that comprise the Rawadanau Basin. The data collection includes 60 samples taken during the dry (29 samples) and the rainy season (31 samples) in tropical regions. Sources of sampled water include dug wells, rivers, cold springs, and hot springs. Water chemistry measurable variables include field data (T, pH, EC), major ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, HCO3 -, SO4 2-), SiO2 , Fetotal, Mn, and stable isotopes of water (δ2H, and δ18O). The correlation of the concentration of water chemistry shows changes in the rainy season to Fetotal and Mn. Interpretation based on HCA using the dendrogram based on the chemical elements of water produces two clusters. Cluster A reflects an unconfined aquifer and bicarbonate type. Meanwhile, cluster B is a chloride type from the confined aquifer and does not change in different seasons. The PCA results show that the three-component matrix accounts for 86.12% of the data structure describing the Rawadanau Basin water sources that volcanic rocks affect and strongly correlate with Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+. PC1 has a high positive value for hydrochemical composition, indicating that lithology influences the kind of water. PC2 has a positive value for the stable isotope (δ18O and δ2H), meaning it is the main water source in Rawadanau. PC3 has a positive value for elevation and a negative for longitude, indicating a recharge area influenced by geological factors and is correlated with geothermal influences and volcanic rocks. This multivariate analysis can identify components and clusters of hydrochemical variables that have not been determined in previous studies.

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The application of hydrogeochemical and stable isotope data to decipher the origin and evolution of hot springs in the Rawadanau Basin, Indonesia

Cited by 2 publications

References 35 publications

Use the hot spring’s Chloro-Alkaline Index (CAI) for the low enthalpy prospect of the Rawadanau geothermal field

Use the hot spring’s Chloro-Alkaline Index (CAI) for the low enthalpy prospect of the Rawadanau geothermal field

Multivariate Data Analysis to Assess Groundwater Hydrochemical Characterization in Rawadanau Basin, Banten Indonesia

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