The Application of Extracellular Vesicles Mediated miRNAs in Osteoarthritis: Current Knowledge and Perspective

Abstract

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a whole joint disease characterized by synovitis, cartilage destruction, and subchondral bone sclerosis and cyst. Despite decades’ study, effective treatment is rare for this chronic disease. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptosis bodies, are nano-sized vesicles with a cargo containing biologically active agents, such as nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. As a group of short non-coding RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) can be delivered by parental cells secreted EVs. Negatively regulate the target mRNAs at the posttranscriptional level and regulate gene expression in recipient cells without modifying gene sequence. Recently, most studies focused on the function of EVs mediated miRNAs in the pathophysiological process of OA. However, all kinds of EVs specific and OA specific factors might influence the administration of EVs-miRNAs, especially the precise quantitative management. As a result, the flourishing of current research about EVs in the laboratory might not promote the relevant clinical transformation in OA treatment. In this review, we reviewed the present application of EVs-miRNAs in the therapeutic of OA and further analyzed the potential factors that might influence its application. Further progress in the quantitative management of EVs-miRNAs would accelerate the clinical transformation of miRNAs enriched EVs in the OA field.

Understanding exosomes: Part 2—Emerging leaders in regenerative medicine

“…Additionally, ADSC‐Exos have been shown in an in vitro investigation to lessen inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in OA osteoblasts 241 . Tables 5 and 6 as well as Figure 12 display all recent publication highlighting the use of exosomes and EVs for the management of OA 242 …”

“…Schematic diagram of potential factors that affect the management of EVs‐miRNAs, which might further affect its clinical application in human OA. Reprinted with permission from Shang et al 242 …”

Extracellular Non-Coding RNAs in Cardiovascular Diseases

“…In addition, small ncRNAs, embedded in ribonucleoproteins and lipoproteins, are found to be secreted into extracellular spaces [ 13 ]. An increasing number of studies have detected extracellular small ncRNAs in a variety of biological fluids, such as serum or plasma, and indicated that extracellular small ncRNA profiles in various body fluids could serve as novel biomarkers for different pathological conditions [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. As one of the most abundant RNA species in circulation, extracellular small ncRNAs are actively involved in a variety of pathological and physiological processes.…”

Regulation of Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Immune Responses against Antigen-Specific Presentation

“…Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer structures secreted by living cells and are classified into either exosomes, microvesicles (MVs), or apoptotic bodies, based on the intracellular production mechanism and size ( Figure 1 ) [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , …”