The application of distributed optical fiber sensors (BOTDA) to sinkhole monitoring. Review and the case of a damaging sinkhole in the Ebro Valley evaporite karst (NE Spain)

Gutiérrez, Francisco; Sevil, Jorge; Sevillano, Pascual; Preciado-Garbayo, Javier; Martínez, Juan J.; Martín-López, Sonia; González-Herráez, Miguel

doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2023.107289

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 34 publications

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“…BFS is monitored to evaluate the physical parameters whose sensitivity for single mode fibers at 1550 nm is ~ 50 MHz/1000 𝜇𝜀 and ~1 MHz/°C. By exploiting the Brillouin scattering phenomenon in optical fibers, BOTDA enables the precise and highly accurate measurement of temperature and/or strain over tens of kilometers of fiber lengths with high spatial resolutions [1], [2], [3] . This capability has found applications in various fields, including structural health monitoring, geophysical exploration, and security sensing [2], [3], [4] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultra-long-distance BOTDA sensor system employing hybrid amplification and advanced noise reduction technique

Bhatta,

Lalam,

Buric

et al. 2024

Optical Waveguide and Laser Sensors III

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Brillouin optical time domain analysis (BOTDA) sensor systems play a pivotal role in distributed sensing, which enable precise measurements of strain and temperature across extensive fiber lengths. Nonetheless, challenges emerge as distances grow due to signal attenuation and noise interference resulting in measurement errors. This research offers a comprehensive strategy to extend the sensing range of BOTDA systems beyond tens of kilometers while maintaining high spatial resolutions. Such enhanced sensing is realized through hybrid system that employs the integration of distributed Raman amplification, and inline amplification using erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA), as well as advanced noise reduction techniques. By optimizing power levels for the Brillouin pump and probe signals, as well as for Raman pump, hybrid BOTDA system ensures the robustness of Brillouin scattering signals, effectively countering attenuation-induced losses. Distributed amplification not only conquers attenuation but also suppresses nonlinear effects that could undermine measurement accuracy. Additionally, enhancing weak Brillouin signals by strategically placing EDFAs at optimal fiber locations keeps sensor sensitivity high. Leveraging inherent redundancy in measured data as a function of frequency and fiber distance, the non-local means (NLM) filter removes noise while preserving essential physical information. This approach proves particularly advantageous in BOTDA systems, where accurate measurement of Brillouin scattering signals is paramount for long-range sensing with high spatial resolutions. In summary, this research has shown a holistic exploration of extending BOTDA's distance sensing capabilities up to 150 km with spatial resolutions of 8 meters, and Brillouin frequency shift error of 1 MHz.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultra-long-distance BOTDA sensor system employing hybrid amplification and advanced noise reduction technique

Bhatta,

Lalam,

Buric

et al. 2024

Optical Waveguide and Laser Sensors III

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Method for Brillouin gain spectrum recovery based on compressed sensing with convex optimization

Zhu,

Azad,

et al. 2024

Appl. Opt.

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The traditional Brillouin optical fiber distributed sensors obtain the Brillouin gain spectrum (BGS) through frequency-by-frequency sweeping acquisition, which can be time-consuming and data intensive. These characteristics put a lot of pressure on data storage, especially on signal processing. Compressed sensing is a method represented by random sampling to reduce the number of acquisition frequencies, but the results obtained may be unstable. In this paper, we have proposed a reconstruction algorithm based on compressed sensing with convex optimization (COP), which can recover the whole BGS by collecting only 10% of the acquisition frequencies. The recovered BGS can attain a RMSE similar to the fully collected BGS. The proposed algorithm also provides more accurate and stable performances for different random sampling points compared to existing reconstruction methods. For example, for a 10% sampling percentage, with a reduction in error of 2.24 and 0.40 MHz, values are lower than those employing the orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) and the regularized orthogonal matching pursuit (ROMP), respectively. Moreover, the reconstruction results of the proposed method are more stable for different random sampling points, with a reduction in standard deviation of 2.58 and 0.07 MHz.

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DFOS Technology in Geoengineering Monitoring in the Past 35 Years: A Bibliometric Analysis

Wang,

Garg,

Satyam

et al. 2024

Sensors

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DFOS (distributed fiber-optic sensing) technology has shown the potential to increase the accuracy of measurement after years of development and experimenting in geoengineering monitoring. To better understand the development of DFOS technology and its contribution to geoengineering, an objective and data-driven review of the development process of DFOS technology in construction was completed. The review was accomplished by using text mining methods on the Web of Science, covering a wide range of relevant data, including 3970 articles from 1989 to 2023. The results indicate that DFOS technology research demonstrates the typical characteristics of multi-author, multi-country, and multi-institution collaborations, spanning various research fields. Over the past 35 years, the number of published articles has exhibited exponential growth, with China making significant contributions and leading in terms of its total publication growth rate, which has been higher than that of the United States since 2016. In the analysis of author keywords, emerging technologies, such as machine learning and distributed acoustic sensing, have garnered attention. The findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the development, impact, and future trends of DFOS technology in geotechnical engineering, offering valuable insights for researchers, scholars, and students in the field and inspiring new approaches for research methods in this domain.

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The application of distributed optical fiber sensors (BOTDA) to sinkhole monitoring. Review and the case of a damaging sinkhole in the Ebro Valley evaporite karst (NE Spain)

Cited by 4 publications

References 34 publications

Ultra-long-distance BOTDA sensor system employing hybrid amplification and advanced noise reduction technique

Ultra-long-distance BOTDA sensor system employing hybrid amplification and advanced noise reduction technique

Method for Brillouin gain spectrum recovery based on compressed sensing with convex optimization

DFOS Technology in Geoengineering Monitoring in the Past 35 Years: A Bibliometric Analysis

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