The Application of Bode Analysis to Skin Impedance

Burton, Charles E.; David, Robert M.; Portnoy, W.M.; Akers, L.A.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1974.tb00581.x

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…Faber (1977) observed -without giving more exact descriptions of the recording technique or the number of participants -a decrease of impedance from 152.6 to 14.6 kO with frequencies between 10 Hz and 1 kHz, which somewhat confirmed the results from Plutchick and Hirsch. Burton, David, Portnoy, and Akers (1974) studied, with six participants, the palmar skin response to AC with 0.1-0.3 V effective voltage and 13 or 3 different frequencies of between 10 Hz and 100 kHz, using a frequency analysis suitable for passive electrical systems, and Ag/AgCl electrodes of 2 cm 2 area each, filled with isotonic cream. The results were displayed in their Table 1 in a much more differentiated manner; most importantly, they confirmed the decrease in impedance and the increase in the phase angle with rising frequency.…”

Section: Recordings With Sinusoidal Currentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrodermal Activity

Boucsein

2012

1,481

1,589

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except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Foreword to the Second EditionAs noted by David Lykken in the foreword to the first edition of this book, electrodermal activity was observed for the first time in Germany. A quartercentury later the scientific study of psychology also originated in Germany. Over time, however, the focus of psychological research, including the then new field of psychophysiology, shifted to the United States and Great Britain. This trend to the dominance of the United States and Great Britain was prolonged by the devastation of World War II and its aftermath in Germany (and elsewhere in continental Europe). Slowly at first and then more rapidly, German psychological science, including psychophysiology, recovered. For several decades German psychophysiologists have been a major force in psychophysiology. With the publication of the first English edition of this book in 1992, it became essential for electrodermal researchers worldwide again to learn from our German colleagues.When I came into psychophysiology in the mid-1960s, electrodermal activity was the most common system studied. Because of its popularity, a large literature had emerged on the physiological mechanisms producing these changes in the electrical properties of the skin and on the best methodology for recording them. Major reviews and/or chapters had been published or soon were to be published by Peter Venables and Irene Martin, Robert Edelberg, and David Lykken. Later reviews and articles were published by Venables and Margaret Christie, and by me. A chapter in 1990 by Michael Dawson, Anne Schell, and Diane Filion was especially noteworthy for its coverage of the psychological applications of electrodermal measures.Note that all these publications were journal articles and chapters and that most of them focused almost entirely on mechanisms and methodology. The publication of this book, first in German and then in English, provided the first book on electrodermal activity, and one that extensively covers psychological applications as well as mechanisms and methodology. Again to quote David Lykken back in 1992, "The return of German scholarship to what I shall loftily call the high table of psychophysiology is exemplified by this fine book, the most comprehensive treatise on the electrodermal system to appear in any language . . ." I completely agree with v that evaluation. Professor Boucsein's outstanding scholarship has produced a book of such breadth of coverage ...

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Section: Recordings With Sinusoidal Currentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrodermal Activity

Boucsein

2012

1,481

1,589

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“…1) found by Burton (8) to be an adequate representation of the skin impedance. Similarly, the data from the imaginary axis transformation yielded the complex impedance Z(j~) = R~ + 1/(1/R2 + j~C) [8] Z(j~) could be separated into its real and imaginary components and ReZ(~) = Rz -t-1/(~2C ~ + l/R22) [9] I m Z (~) = --wC/ (~C 2 + 1/Rz ~) [10] with a phase angle r (~) = tan -z (~C/[1 + Rz (~2C~ + liE2 ~) ] [11] Once the form of the equivalent circuit was established, it was not necessary to repeat the entire analytical procedure for each individual test. When analyzing large volumes of data, the model circuit components (RI, R2, and C) could be derived from the appropriate low and high frequency limits of these functions (10, 11).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laplace Plane Analysis of Skin Impedance: A Preliminary Investigation

Reichmanis

Marino

Becker

1978

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The impedance and phase angle of skin as functions of frequency were determined by Laplace plane analysis of the time domain current resulting from an external voltage perturbation. Bode plots of these functions established a passive equivalent circuit model for skin impedance which is valid over a wide range of frequencies. Typical values for the model circuit elements are given for ten human subjects.The electrical properties of any biological tissue depend on its intrinsic structure and, for in vivo studies, on the functional state of the organism. For the case of human skin, the impedance can vary with the thickness and moisture content of the stratum corneum, the concentration and activity of sweat glands, localized injury, the age of the subject, and environmental factors such as temperature and humidity. Seasonal and diurnal variations have been measured: For example, the d-c resistance of skin tends to increase during sleep. Short-term fluctuations are the basis for various monitoring techniques, including the electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram, and impedance plethysmography. Changes in impedance are also associated with the psychological state of the subject (1).Studies of the a-c impedance of biological systems, including human skin, have generally involved direct measurement of the impedance and phase angle as functions of the frequency of the applied voltage or current (2-5). Any such measurement over a wide range of frequencies tends to be cumbersome and time-consuming. Measurements with an impedance bridge have the additional disadvantage that some a priori assumptions must be made regarding an equivalent circuit for the skin impedance. Other reports have presented approximation methods for deriving the equivalent circuit components from the current response to a square voltage pulse input (6, 7). Burton (8) applied Bode analysis to measurements of the skin impedance and phase angle. By means of this method a passive equivalent circuit can be synthesized for any electrical "black box" from plots of its impedance and phase angle vs. frequency. The only assumption required is that the system consists solely of passive linear lumped circuit elements (8,9). Even though the resulting model is not necessarily unique (8), it must represent the system accurately in the frequency range studied.By extending this technique one step further, the entire frequency spectrum of any system can be computed by applying a Laplace transformation to the current response to an arbitrary voltage perturbation, thus eliminating the tedious process of point-by-point measurement of the impedance and phase angle. MethodIn order to obtain the impedance of a system as a function of frequency, the input voltage perturbation V(t) and the resulting current l(t) must be converted from the time domain (t) to the complex frequency domain (s). This may be accomplished by means of a Laplace transformation. The transform F(s) of a time domain function f(t)is defined as Key words: transient analysis, skin equivalent circuit, galvanic ...

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“…This is not acceptable. Another well known model was proposed in [8]- [10]. It uses two electrodes placed far apart on the skin surface so that the coupling between the electrodes is minimal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of compact CARSA sensor and penetration depth of EM signal for non-invasive blood glucose measurement

Ruwansiri

Kulasekere

Senarathna

et al. 2011

2011 6th International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems

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Dielectric spectroscopy (DS) has been suggested as a possible approach for non-invasive glycaemia monitoring. In this procedure, a radiating antenna is used as a sensor to measure the change in impedance due to blood glucose level fluctuation. The type and orientation of the sensor considerably influence the reading and hence the indicated blood glucose level and its accuracy. We propose a novel concentric annular ring slot antenna (CARSA) as a sensor and evaluate the influence of penetration depth on non-invasive glycaemia monitoring using DS. Results demonstrated 40 times increment in sensitivity of DS measurements using CARSA compared with earlier studies.

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The Application of Bode Analysis to Skin Impedance

Cited by 18 publications

References 13 publications

Electrodermal Activity

Electrodermal Activity

Laplace Plane Analysis of Skin Impedance: A Preliminary Investigation

Evaluation of compact CARSA sensor and penetration depth of EM signal for non-invasive blood glucose measurement

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