The Application and Effectiveness of Slow Sand Filtration in the United States

Slezak, Lloyd; Sims, Ronald C.

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1984.tb05454.x

Cited by 21 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Furthermore, in each experimental replicate, a new layer of washed sand was added to the filter to prevent the buildup of a microbiological oxidation layer on the top of the sand bed. An examination of slow sand filtration facilities across the U.S. demonstrated that 90% of the facilities reported effluent COLIF levels of 1 or less per 100 mL, and that most of facilities used postchlorination for disinfection of filter effluents (Slezak and Sins, 1984).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Ozone with Physical Wastewater Treatments to Recondition Poultry Process Waters

Chang

Sheldon

1989

Poultry Science

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Several wastewater treatments, including direct ozonation and a combination of ozonation with either slow sand filtration, dissolved air flotation, or diatomaceous earth (DE) filtration, were tested for their ability to recondition broiler process waters. The quality of broiler prechiller overflow water was significantly improved with all wastewater treatments examined, surpassing the USDA's recycling requirements in nearly all trials. A combination of screening, DE filtration, and ozonation yielded the highest quality water. With this treatment, significant reductions in chemical oxygen demand, total solids, and the total microbial load including conform bacteria and salmonellae of 87, 65, and 99.9%, respectively, were detected in the reconditioned prechiller water. Percentage of light transmission at 500 nm (%T) of treated water increased to 97 % of tap water and compared favorably with %T of potable water. This same water treatment was tested on final carcass rinse and neck chiller overflow waters. The quality of these treated waters was also significantly improved. It was concluded that poultry process waters could be effectively reconditioned for recycling by screening, DE filtration, and ozonation. Furthermore, wastewater organic loads discharged to wastewater treatment facilities can be effectively reduced through these reconditioning practices. (

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Ozone with Physical Wastewater Treatments to Recondition Poultry Process Waters

Chang

Sheldon

1989

Poultry Science

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“…Due to its efficiency and low cost, SSF is still considered an effective and inexpensive way to provide clean drinking water in lessdeveloped countries with limited water resources. SSF is recognized by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and WHO as an inexpensive and reliable way to improve safe drinking water [5,6]. Therefore, this method is still used in rural areas and even in some larger cities of the world to provide the population with good quality drinking water [7].…”

Section: Of 16mentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Slow Sand Filtration for Raw Water Treatment with Potential Application in Less-Developed Countries

Abdiyev¹,

Azat²,

Kuldeyev³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Providing safe drinking water to people in developing countries is an urgent world-wide water problem and a main issue in the UN Sustainability Goals. One of the most efficient and cheapest methods to attain these goals is the use of slow sand filters. Slow sand filters can efficiently provide safe drinking water to people living in small rural communities not served by central water supply systems. The purpose of this review article is to critically summarize and synthesize features and advantages of slow sand filtration methods to improve the quality of drinking water with special focus on less-developed countries. Even though slow sand filtration is an old technique, its efficiency and cost-effectiveness make it important to continue to develop the method in parallel to other chemical and biological methods. Thus, there are needs to continue to develop methods for slow sand filtration combined with simple disinfection techniques for treatment of microbiological pollutants such as bacteria, microbes, viruses, and parasites. These techniques can be applied before or after the sand filter application. Studies are also needed to investigate other types of porous material in areas where suitable sand and gravel are not readily available. Methods are needed to reduce the contents of emerging environmental pollutants such as surfactants and microplastics. Also, further studies are needed to determine design criteria (particle size distribution, depth of media, residence time, temperature, etc.) for different types of pollutants, existing and emerging. Finally, further research is needed to advise on life cycle time, operation (e.g., batch or continuous flow), and maintenance procedures (cleaning of media, back-flushing, etc.) for used porous media in slow the sand filtration.

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“…Extensive research has been performed on the efficiency of carbon-soil-sand filters for treatment of water in normal climates. When source waters are relatively low in temperature and turbidity, this process has been found to be effective in the removal of toxic elements, organics and bacteria (Bellamy et al, 2006, Slezak andSims , 1984). Tropical rivers and other surface waters, which serve as receiving waters for waste discharges and runoff, also serve as water supplies for downstream communities.…”

Section: Microbiological Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Removal Capability of Carbon-Soil-Aquifer Filtering System in Water Microbiological Pollutants

Nik¹,

Rahman²,

Ahmad³

et al. 2012

Ecological Water Quality - Water Treatment and Reuse

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The Application and Effectiveness of Slow Sand Filtration in the United States

Cited by 21 publications

References 0 publications

Application of Ozone with Physical Wastewater Treatments to Recondition Poultry Process Waters

Application of Ozone with Physical Wastewater Treatments to Recondition Poultry Process Waters

Review of Slow Sand Filtration for Raw Water Treatment with Potential Application in Less-Developed Countries

Removal Capability of Carbon-Soil-Aquifer Filtering System in Water Microbiological Pollutants

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