The applicability of pharmaceutical polymeric blends for the fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D technique: Material considerations–printability–process modulation, with consecutive effects on in vitro release, stability and degradation

Ilyés, Kinga; Kovács, Norbert Krisztián; Balogh, Attila; Borbás, Enikő; Farkas, Balázs; Casian, Tibor; Marosi, György; Tomuță, Ioan

doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2018.12.019

Cited by 111 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…One of the crucial parameters is the mechanical properties of these filaments to allow proper feeding into the FFF 3D printer. Thus, many researchers focused on conducting a formulation investigation and exploration, such as Illyes et al [ 53 ], who investigated the printability of various formulations loaded with Carvedilol. Additionally, other research groups used design optimization approaches for formulation selection, such as quality by design and design of experiments such as Palekar et al [ 54 ], Korte and Quodbach [ 11 ], and Nukala et al [ 55 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of Drug Delivery Systems Using Fused Filament Fabrication: A Systematic Review

Shaqour

Samaro

Verleije³

et al. 2020

Pharmaceutics

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Fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing technology is widely used in many fields. For almost a decade, medical researchers have been exploring the potential use of this technology for improving the healthcare sector. Advances in personalized medicine have been more achievable due to the applicability of producing drug delivery devices, which are explicitly designed based on patients’ needs. For the production of these devices, a filament—which is the feedstock for the FFF 3D printer—consists of a carrier polymer (or polymers) and a loaded active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). This systematic review of the literature investigates the most widely used approaches for producing drug-loaded filaments. It also focusses on several factors, such as the polymeric carrier and the drug, loading capacity and homogeneity, processing conditions, and the intended applications. This review concludes that the filament preparation method has a significant effect on both the drug homogeneity within the polymeric carrier and drug loading efficiency.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of Drug Delivery Systems Using Fused Filament Fabrication: A Systematic Review

Shaqour

Samaro

Verleije³

et al. 2020

Pharmaceutics

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“…They studied the rheological properties, i.e., complex viscosity of individual polymers, polymer-polymer binary mixture, drug-polymer binary mixtures, and drug-polymer-polymer ternary mixtures to rationalize their viscosities on FDM 3D printability. K. Ilyés et al also reported the assessment of the printability window of different filaments based on pharmaceutically relevant polymer blends from the rheo-mechanical properties standpoint [136]. Each component in the blends modifies the rheology of the polymer matrix as shown in Figure 8, improving the shear thinning behavior and positively influencing the FDM processability window.…”

Section: Polymers Rheology and Its Impact On Structure And Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymers for Extrusion-Based 3D Printing of Pharmaceuticals: A Holistic Materials–Process Perspective

et al. 2020

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Three dimensional (3D) printing as an advanced manufacturing technology is progressing to be established in the pharmaceutical industry to overcome the traditional manufacturing regime of 'one size fits for all'. Using 3D printing, it is possible to design and develop complex dosage forms that can be suitable for tuning drug release. Polymers are the key materials that are necessary for 3D printing. Among all 3D printing processes, extrusion-based (both fused deposition modeling (FDM) and pressure-assisted microsyringe (PAM)) 3D printing is well researched for pharmaceutical manufacturing. It is important to understand which polymers are suitable for extrusion-based 3D printing of pharmaceuticals and how their properties, as well as the behavior of polymer–active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) combinations, impact the printing process. Especially, understanding the rheology of the polymer and API–polymer mixtures is necessary for successful 3D printing of dosage forms or printed structures. This review has summarized a holistic materials–process perspective for polymers on extrusion-based 3D printing. The main focus herein will be both FDM and PAM 3D printing processes. It elaborates the discussion on the comparison of 3D printing with the traditional direct compression process, the necessity of rheology, and the characterization techniques required for the printed structure, drug, and excipients. The current technological challenges, regulatory aspects, and the direction toward which the technology is moving, especially for personalized pharmaceuticals and multi-drug printing, are also briefly discussed.

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“…Recently, Ilyés et al [ 57 , 121 ] demonstrated that inclusion of a polymethacrylate derivative in HPMC formulations can improve its processability and the range of temperatures and torque required for processing. This modification of viscosity is suitable for the production of HME filaments that will be later used in FDM, due to the shear thinning and improved mechanical properties provided to the blend.…”

Section: Polymers Used In Hot-melt Extrusion and Fused Deposition mentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymer Selection for Hot-Melt Extrusion Coupled to Fused Deposition Modelling in Pharmaceutics

et al. 2020

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Three-dimensional (3D) printing offers the greatest potential to revolutionize the future of pharmaceutical manufacturing by overcoming challenges of conventional pharmaceutical operations and focusing design and production of dosage forms on the patient’s needs. Of the many technologies available, fusion deposition modelling (FDM) is considered of the lowest cost and higher reproducibility and accessibility, offering clear advantages in drug delivery. FDM requires in-house production of filaments of drug-containing thermoplastic polymers by hot-melt extrusion (HME), and the prospect of connecting the two technologies has been under investigation. The ability to integrate HME and FDM and predict and tailor the filaments’ properties will extend the range of printable polymers/formulations. Hence, this work revises the properties of the most common pharmaceutical-grade polymers used and their effect on extrudability, printability, and printing outcome, providing suitable processing windows for different raw materials. As a result, formulation selection will be more straightforward (considering the characteristics of drug and desired dosage form or release profile) and the processes setup will be more expedite (avoiding or mitigating typical processing issues), thus guaranteeing the success of both HME and FDM. Relevant techniques used to characterize filaments and 3D-printed dosage forms as an essential component for the evaluation of the quality output are also presented.

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The applicability of pharmaceutical polymeric blends for the fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D technique: Material considerations–printability–process modulation, with consecutive effects on in vitro release, stability and degradation

Cited by 111 publications

References 40 publications

Production of Drug Delivery Systems Using Fused Filament Fabrication: A Systematic Review

Production of Drug Delivery Systems Using Fused Filament Fabrication: A Systematic Review

Polymers for Extrusion-Based 3D Printing of Pharmaceuticals: A Holistic Materials–Process Perspective

Polymer Selection for Hot-Melt Extrusion Coupled to Fused Deposition Modelling in Pharmaceutics

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