The Apple Bites Back: Claiming Old Orchards for Residential Development

Hood, Ernie

doi:10.1289/ehp.114-a470

Cited by 36 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…It is abundantly clear that phosphate enhanced As mobility in soils. A result of phosphate-induced mobility of As in soil may be that As migrates downward in the soil profile to groundwater or to increase As bioavailability for plant uptake (Cao et al, 2003c;Creger and Peryea, 1994;Hood, 2006;Kilgour et al, 2008;Peryea, 1998;Peryea and Kammereck, 1997;Pigna et al, 2009;Smedley and Kinniburgh, 2002;Sracek et al, 2004;Wang et al, 2002;Zhao et al, 2009). However, no apparent studies examined in vivo As bioavailability in cocontaminated Pb soils after phosphate amendment, despite some efforts to evaluate this phenomenon via in vitro analysis.…”

Section: Co-contaminant Interactions That Are Of Potential Concernmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amending Soils With Phosphate As Means To Mitigate Soil Lead Hazard: A Critical Review Of The State Of The Science

Scheckel

Diamond

Burgess

et al. 2013

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B

128

179

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Ingested soil and surface dust may be important contributors to elevated blood lead (Pb) levels in children exposed to Pb contaminated environments. Mitigation strategies have typically focused on excavation and removal of the contaminated soil. However, this is not always feasible for addressing widely disseminated contamination in populated areas often encountered in urban environments. The rationale for amending soils with phosphate is that phosphate will promote formation of highly insoluble Pb species (e.g., pyromorphite minerals) in soil, which will remain insoluble after ingestion and, therefore, inaccessible to absorption mechanisms in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Amending soil with phosphate might potentially be used in combination with other methods that reduce contact with or migration of contaminated soils, such as covering the soil with a green cap such as sod, clean soil with mulch, raised garden beds, or gravel. These remediation strategies may be less expensive and far less disruptive than excavation and removal of soil. This review evaluates evidence for efficacy of phosphate amendments for decreasing soil Pb bioavailability. Evidence is reviewed for (1) physical and chemical interactions of Pb and phosphate that would be expected to influence bioavailability, (2) effects of phosphate amendments on soil Pb bioaccessibility (i.e., predicted solubility of Pb in the GIT), and (3) results of bioavailability bioassays of amended soils conducted in humans and animal models. Practical implementation issues, such as criteria and methods for evaluating efficacy, and potential effects of phosphate on mobility and bioavailability of co-contaminants in soil are also discussed.

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Section: Co-contaminant Interactions That Are Of Potential Concernmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amending Soils With Phosphate As Means To Mitigate Soil Lead Hazard: A Critical Review Of The State Of The Science

Scheckel

Diamond

Burgess

et al. 2013

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B

128

179

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“…The scale of this problem is evident from estimates that millions of acres of orchard lands have been contaminated by past use of arsenic (As) and Pb pesticides. For example, Virginia is thought to have 100,000–300,000 acres of old orchard land (Schooley et al 2008), and other states with large acreages of impacted orchard land include Washington (188,000 acres), Wisconsin (50,000 acres) and New Jersey (up to 5% of total agricultural acreage) (Hood 2006). The total area of historical soil contamination in New York State is uncertain, but apple production has occupied about 40–50,000 acres in recent decades, and the present apple orchard acreage may underestimate the total land area historically contaminated by lead arsenate pesticide use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arsenic and Lead Uptake by Vegetable Crops Grown on an Old Orchard Site Amended with Compost

McBride

Shayler

Russell-Anelli

et al. 2015

Water Air Soil Pollut

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The potential for lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) transfer into vegetables was studied on old orchard land contaminated by lead arsenate pesticides. Root (carrot), leafy (lettuce), and vegetable fruits (green bean, tomato) were grown on seven “miniplots” with soil concentrations ranging from near background to ≈ 800 and ≈ 200 mg kg−1 of total Pb and As, respectively. Each miniplot was divided into sub-plots and amended with 0% (control), 5% and 10% (by weight) compost and cropped for 3 years. Edible portions of each vegetable were analyzed for total Pb and As to test the effect of organic matter on transfer of these toxic elements into the crop. Vegetable Pb and As concentrations were strongly correlated to soil total Pb and As, respectively, but not to soil organic matter content or compost addition level. For Pb vegetable concentrations, carrot ≥ lettuce > bean > tomato. For As, lettuce > carrot > bean > tomato. A complementary single-year study of lettuce, arugula, spinach, and collards revealed a beneficial effect of compost in reducing both Pb and As concentrations in leafy vegetables. Comparisons of all measured vegetable concentrations to international health-based standards indicate that tomatoes can be grown without exceeding standards even in substantially Pb- and As-contaminated soils, but carrots and leafy greens may exceed standards when grown in soils with more than 100–200 mg kg−1 Pb. Leafy greens may also exceed health-based standards in gardens where soil As is elevated, with arugula having a particularly strong tendency to accumulate As.

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“…A similar increase in Cu has occurred in citrus orchards and avocado orchard soils with an established history of copperbased fungicide use, with current concentrations ranging between 110 and 1500 mg kg À1 Cu (Fan et al, 2011;Merrington et al, 2002). Several studies in other countries have shown that substantial quantities of Pb and As may accumulate in orchard topsoils as a result of repeated lead arsenate application (Pendergrass and Butcher, 2006;Udovic and McBride, 2012;Hood, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil acidification increases metal extractability and bioavailability in old orchard soils of Northeast Jiaodong Peninsula in China

Gestel

et al. 2014

Environmental Pollution

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a b s t r a c tThe bioavailability of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd from field-aged orchard soils in a certified fruit plantation area of the Northeast Jiaodong Peninsula in China was assessed using bioassays with earthworms (Eisenia fetida) and chemical assays. Soil acidity increased with increasing fruit cultivation periods with a lowest pH of 4.34. Metals were enriched in topsoils after decades of horticultural cultivation, with highest concentrations of Cu (132 kg À1 ) and Zn (168 mg kg À1 ) in old apple orchards and Pb (73 mg kg À1 ) and Cd (0.57 mg kg À1 ) in vineyard soil. Earthworm tissue concentrations of Cu and Pb significantly correlated with 0.01 M CaCl 2 -extractable soil concentrations (R 2 ¼ 0.70, p < 0.001 for Cu; R 2 ¼ 0.58, p < 0.01 for Pb). Because of the increased bioavailability, regular monitoring of soil conditions in old orchards and vineyards is recommended, and soil metal guidelines need reevaluation to afford appropriate environmental protection under acidifying conditions.

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The Apple Bites Back: Claiming Old Orchards for Residential Development

Cited by 36 publications

References 0 publications

Amending Soils With Phosphate As Means To Mitigate Soil Lead Hazard: A Critical Review Of The State Of The Science

Amending Soils With Phosphate As Means To Mitigate Soil Lead Hazard: A Critical Review Of The State Of The Science

Arsenic and Lead Uptake by Vegetable Crops Grown on an Old Orchard Site Amended with Compost

Soil acidification increases metal extractability and bioavailability in old orchard soils of Northeast Jiaodong Peninsula in China

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