The Apparent Power Concept and the IEEE Standard 1459-2000

Critical analysis of different current decomposition and compensation schemes

“…To avoid unnecessary complexity it is assumed that all conductors have equal resistances. For the analysis of the cases where the resistances are unequal, the reader is referred to the literature [18]. Throughout this paper the currents and the voltages are assumed to be periodical with period T .…”

“…3 For the computation of the power the voltage reference is arbitrary. However for the computation of the active current a proper choice of the reference point for the voltages is essential [18]. 4 The instantaneous power current is also called the instantaneous active current.…”

Apparent power and power factor in unbalanced and distorted systems. Applications in three phase load compensations

“…This way, the apparent power is the maximum active power that can be transmitted to the load for a given voltage waveform and some losses given in the feeding line. The voltage waveform is imposed by the network and the power factor defined as the quotient between the active power and the apparent power, it relates the minimum losses with the real losses in the transmission, [5].…”

“…In this section it will be considered the most habitual practical case where the conductor lines present the same resistance and the neutral conductor presents a resistance of different value, [5]. Let be, therefore, a three-phase four wire system in the most general conditions in voltage and current.…”

“…The European approach that has their origin in Depenbrock, and the American approach sponsored by IEEE that leadership Emanuel. The European approach has been very well based from the theoretical point of view in the last years thanks to the works of the own Depenbrock, [2] and Mayordomo et al, [3], and the subsequent works of Willems, [4][5][6] that have helped to clarify the situation. On the other hand, the IEEE approach has sought to introduce in the definition of apparent power a practical effective voltage, associated in a principle to the non-load losses, [7][8][9][10].…”