The Apparent Influence of Simazine on Nitrogen Nutrition of Peach and Apple Trees

Ries, S. K.; Larsen, R.P.; Kenworthy, A. L.

doi:10.2307/4040528

Cited by 66 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…Thus, with different experimental parameters, we may have observed hormetic effects if apple and pear plants were exposed to low doses of glyphosate. Low doses of a combination of simazine plus amitrole were reported to stimulate plant growth and nitrogen content of both peach and apple trees (Ries et al, 1963), but these herbicides have entirely different modes of action than glyphosate.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant Growth Responses of Apple and Pear Trees to Doses of Glyphosate

et al. 2016

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-Glyphosate is commonly used for intra-row weed management in perennial plantations, where unintended crop exposure to this herbicide can cause growth reduction. The objective of this research was to analyze the initial plant growth behavior of young apple and pear plants exposed to glyphosate. Glyphosate was sprayed on 2-year-old 'Gala' apple and 'Abbè Fetel' pear plants at doses from 18 to 720 g per hectare of acid equivalent (a.e.). The plant height of neither species was not significantly reduced (less than 1%) by any glyphosate dose at 240 days after spraying, whereas the stem diameter and the dry mass of stem and leaves were reduced by 720 g a.e. ha -1 . The glyphosate dose required to reduce the aboveground dry mass by 50% was 162 and 148 g a.e. ha -1 for apple and pear, respectively. Aboveground dry mass was reduced 2% and 6% for apple and pear plants, respectively, at 720 g a.e. ha -1 . Hormesis was not observed in either species at doses down to 18 g a.e. ha -1 . Both species showed low susceptibility to glyphosate; however apple was less susceptible than pear. Keywords: N-phosphonomethyl-glycine, Malus domestica, Pyrus communis, spray drift. RESUMO -Glyphosate é comumente usado para manejo de plantas daninhas na linha de plantio de culturas perenes, onde a exposição não intencional da cultura a esse herbicida pode causar redução do crescimento. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar o comportamento do crescimento inicial de

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant Growth Responses of Apple and Pear Trees to Doses of Glyphosate

et al. 2016

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“…The results indicate that sublethal concentrations of s-triazine compounds affect the physiological and biochemical events in plants which favor more utilization of carbohydrates for nitrate reAuction and synthesis of amino acids and proteins.It is well established that the application of a sublethal concentration of s-triazines increases the protein in plants (5,6,13,(15)(16)(17)19). In a previous study (21), we noted an increase in protein content in leaves of pea and sweet corn after foliar application of 2 to 5 mg/l solutions of s-triazine compounds.…”

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confidence: 92%

“…It is well established that the application of a sublethal concentration of s-triazines increases the protein in plants (5,6,13,(15)(16)(17)19). In a previous study (21), we noted an increase in protein content in leaves of pea and sweet corn after foliar application of 2 to 5 mg/l solutions of s-triazine compounds.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

Influence of s-Triazines on Some Enzymes of Carbohydrates and Nitrogen Metabolism in Leaves of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and Sweet Corn (Zea mays L.)

Singh

Salunkhe

1971

Plant Physiol.

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Foliar applications of 2 milligrams per liter of 2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine, 2-methylmercapto-4-ethylamino-6-isobutylamino-s-triazine, and 2-methoxy-4-isopropylamino-6-butylamino-s-triazine caused increases in the activities of starch phosphorylase, pyruvate kinase, cytochrome oxidase, and glutamate dehydrogenase 5, 10, and 15 days after treatment in the leaves of 3-week-old seedlings of pea (Pisum sativum L.) and sweet corn (Zea mays L). The results indicate that sublethal concentrations of s-triazine compounds affect the physiological and biochemical events in plants which favor more utilization of carbohydrates for nitrate reAuction and synthesis of amino acids and proteins.It is well established that the application of a sublethal concentration of s-triazines increases the protein in plants (5,6,13,(15)(16)(17)19). In a previous study (21), we noted an increase in protein content in leaves of pea and sweet corn after foliar application of 2 to 5 mg/l solutions of s-triazine compounds. Other metabolic and compositional changes following the application of s-triazines include an increase in total soluble amino acids, and the activities of nitrate reductase, transaminase, a-amylase, starch phosphorylase, adenosine triphosphatase, and 8-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (17,18,20), and a decrease in starch and soluble sugars (16,21). In this study, the influence of foliar applications of 2 mg/l of simazine', igran, and GS-14254 on the activities of starch phosphorylase, pyruvic kinase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and cytochrome oxidase in the leaves of pea and sweet corn is described. MATERIAL AND METHODSPea (Pisum sativum L., var. Perfected Freezer) and sweet corn (Zea mays L., var. Iochief) seeds were sown in perlite in 1.5-liter plastic pots in the greenhouse. The plants were maintained at a 16-hr photoperiod of 25 to 27 C by lengthening ambient greenhouse day length with fluorescent light and 18 to 21 C dark temperatures. When the seedlings were 3 weeks old, 2 mg/l water solutions of simazine, igran, and GS-14254 were thoroughly sprayed on the leaves. Triton B-1956 (Rohm 1 Abbreviations: simazine: 2-chloro-4, 6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine; igran:2-methylmercapto-4-ethylamino-6-isobutylamino-s-triazine; GS-14254: 2-methoxy-4-isopropylamino-6-butylamino-s-triazine.and Haas, Philadelphia, Pa.) was used as a surfactant. Control plants were sprayed with a water solution of the surfactant only. The leaf samples were taken for enzyme assay at 5, 10, and 15 days following spray application.Starch phosphorylase was extracted by homogenizing 2 g of leaves in 10 ml of 0.1 M tris buffer, pH 6.3. The homogenate was centrifuged at 10,000g for 10 min. The supernatant fluid was used as a source of the enzyme. The enzyme assay was conducted by using the method of Lee (9). Inorganic phosphate was determined by an adaptation of the procedure of Fiske and Subbarow (7).The extraction and assay of pyruvate kinase were conducted by using the slightly modified method described by Miller and Evans (12). For preparati...

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“…These herbicides are of moderate but variable persistence in the soil (20). Though in some instances their persistence in the soil is objectionable, a number of interesting and beneficial effects attributable to trace amounts of some of the s-triazine herbicides in the soil have been reported (5,10,12,14,15,16 recently a number of investigators have reported dissolving 10 mg of the chemical in 10 mI of an approprithat atrazine and prometryne significantly in-ate organic solvent, most commonly ethanol, but chloroform and acetone were used in certain instances. The hibit the production of "lerotia ( 2~ 3, 4, and solution of the test chemical was then slowly added to mycelial growth (13,17,18) of Sclerotiunz 100 ml of distilled water which was vigorouslv stirred rolfsii.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The relationship between the chemical structure of s-triazines and fungitoxicity to Sclerotium rolfsii

Ercegovich¹,

Chrzanowski²,

Cole³

et al. 1973

Can. J. Microbiol.

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1973. The relationship between the chemical structure of s-triazines and fungitoxicity to Sclerotiltm rolfsii. Can. J. Microbiol. 19: 329-334.Thirty eight substituted s-triazine and three dialkyl biguanide analogs were tested for their effects on mycelial growth and the formation of sclerotia by Sclerotium rolfsii. None of the chemicals were fungicidal to the organism at a test concentration of 100 pg/ml in potato dextrose agar. One of the chemicals, ipazine, was highly fungistatic, and 11 others demonstrated a significant but lower degree of activity against mycelial growth. The formation of sclerotia was completely inhibited in the presence of only one s-triazine, 2-amino-4-chloro-6-n-propylamino-s-triazn. Eight other s-triazines were as active as atrazine, the standard test chemical, in inhibiting the formation of sclerotia, and 10 more of the striazines were significantly effective but at a lower level of activity than atrazine. N1,NS-bis(ethy1)biguanide was the only chemical which caused a significant increase in the number of sclerotia formed. No absolute correlation was observed between biological activity and chemical structure although in certain instances there was an apparent correlation between toxicity and the overall electron withdrawing character of the non-alkylamino substituent on the s-triazine ring, or to the steric effects caused by the configuration of the alkylarnino substituents. Only those chemicals which were highly active as herbicides were significantly effective in inhibiting mycelial growth and sclerotia formation; however, not all of the herbicidally active compounds were effective in this regard.

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The Apparent Influence of Simazine on Nitrogen Nutrition of Peach and Apple Trees

Cited by 66 publications

References 4 publications

Plant Growth Responses of Apple and Pear Trees to Doses of Glyphosate

Plant Growth Responses of Apple and Pear Trees to Doses of Glyphosate

Influence of s-Triazines on Some Enzymes of Carbohydrates and Nitrogen Metabolism in Leaves of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and Sweet Corn (Zea mays L.)

The relationship between the chemical structure of s-triazines and fungitoxicity to Sclerotium rolfsii

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