The Apical Ectodermal Ridge: morphological aspects and signaling pathways

Fernandez-Teran, Marian; Ros, María A.

doi:10.1387/ijdb.072416mf

Cited by 123 publications

(141 citation statements)

References 173 publications

(139 reference statements)

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“…Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) produced by the AER were shown to act as negative regulators of PCD (Fernandez-Teran and Ros, 2008;Hernández-Martínez and Covarrubias, 2011;Montero et al, 2001). Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) 2, 4 and 7 are expressed in the AER and interdigital mesenchyme prior to the onset of PCD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vascular patterning regulates interdigital cell death by a ROS-mediated mechanism

Eshkar-Oren

Krief

Ferrara³

et al. 2015

Development

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Blood vessels serve as key regulators of organogenesis by providing oxygen, nutrients and molecular signals. During limb development, programmed cell death (PCD) contributes to separation of the digits. Interestingly, prior to the onset of PCD, the autopod vasculature undergoes extensive patterning that results in high interdigital vascularity. Here, we show that in mice, the limb vasculature positively regulates interdigital PCD. In vivo, reduction in interdigital vessel number inhibited PCD, resulting in syndactyly, whereas an increment in vessel number and distribution resulted in elevation and expansion of PCD. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), toxic compounds that have been implicated in PCD, also depended on interdigital vascular patterning. Finally, ex vivo incubation of limbs in gradually decreasing oxygen levels led to a correlated reduction in both ROS production and interdigital PCD. The results support a role for oxygen in these processes and provide a mechanistic explanation for the counterintuitive positive role of the vasculature in PCD. In conclusion, we suggest a new role for vascular patterning during limb development in regulating interdigital PCD by ROS production. More broadly, we propose a double safety mechanism that restricts PCD to interdigital areas, as the genetic program of PCD provides the first layer and vascular patterning serves as the second.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vascular patterning regulates interdigital cell death by a ROS-mediated mechanism

Eshkar-Oren

Krief

Ferrara³

et al. 2015

Development

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“…The first manifestation of this patterning is the appearance of the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), a thickening of specialised ectoderm that runs craniocaudally along the rim of the limb bud tip. The AER maintains limb bud growth and influences the differentiation of the proliferating mesoderm, being laid down beneath it in a region called the progress zone (PZ) (Fernandez-Teran and Ros, 2008). …”

Section: Embryologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Textbook of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

Butler¹,

Ghali²,

Kalaskar³

2016

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A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from The British Library.This book is published under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial Non-derivative 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the work for personal and non-commercial use providing author and publisher attribution is clearly stated. Further details about CC BY licenses are available at http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0The publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and application contained in this book. The user is advised to always check the product information and clinical procedures with the most up-to-date published product information and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulations. The authors and the publishers do not accept responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the text or misuse or misapplication of material in this work.ISBN: 978-1-910634-37-0 (Hbk.) ISBN: 978-1-910634-38-7 (Pbk.) ISBN: 978-1-910634-39-4 (PDF) ISBN: 978-1-910634-40-0 (epub) ISBN: 978-1-910634-41-7 (mobi)

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“…4A,B). The AER is a specialised epithelium that provides growth and patterning signals to the underlying mesoderm (reviewed in Fernandez-Teran and Ros, 2008); one possibility is that CXCL14 acts to restrict these AER functions. Within the mesenchyme of the autopod, two major bands of expression were observed; one within the anterior third of the autopod, and a thinner band immediately subjacent to the anterior-most epithelium ( Supplementary Fig.…”

Section: Limbsmentioning

confidence: 99%

CXCL14 expression during chick embryonic development

Gordon

Wade²,

Brinas³

et al. 2011

Int. J. Dev. Biol.

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Chemokines are small secreted signalling molecules best known for their roles as chemoattractants for cells of the immune system. CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 comprise one chemokine signalling pathway with essential functions in non-immune cell types during embryonic development. CXCL14, a chemokine-encoding gene related to CXCL12, is developmentally regulated in zebrafish and Xenopus embryos, but its role during embryogenesis remains unknown. Here we describe the embryonic expression pattern of CXCL14 in an amniote, the chick. Although expression in some regions is conserved with that of fish and frog, chick CXCL14 displays a complex pattern of expression in several novel sites. We analyse the expression pattern in the branchial arches, trigeminal placode and ganglion, inner ear, dorsal midline of the brain, somites, trunk neural tube and limb bud. Expression in several domains raises the possibility that CXCL14 may be involved in some of the same developmental events during which CXCL12-CXCR4 signalling is known to play a role.

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The Apical Ectodermal Ridge: morphological aspects and signaling pathways

Cited by 123 publications

References 173 publications

Vascular patterning regulates interdigital cell death by a ROS-mediated mechanism

Vascular patterning regulates interdigital cell death by a ROS-mediated mechanism

Textbook of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

CXCL14 expression during chick embryonic development

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