The API ZYM system: a tabulated review from 1977 to date

Grüner, Eva; Graevenitz, Alexander von; Altwegg, Martin

doi:10.1016/0167-7012(92)90030-8

Cited by 46 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The epidemiological study was conducted based on phenotypic characterization in addition to both sequencing of the sodA gene and BSFGE due to their high discriminative power. Most of the studies on the phenotypic characterization of streptococci, which have been reported thus far, used the API 20 STREP s and API ZYM s systems (Tillotson, 1982;Gruner et al, 1992). The biochemical and enzymatic characterizations performed in this study revealed that all the fish isolates exhibited a high phenotypic homogeneity irrespective of their country of origin as well as the fish species, and their comparison with the reference strain ATCC43078 revealed that all tested fish isolates could hydrolyze arginine, but could not acidify lactose.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Phenotypic and genetic characterizations ofStreptococcus dysgalactiaestrains isolated from fish collected in Japan and other Asian countries

Abdelsalam

Chen

Yoshida

2010

FEMS Microbiology Letters

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Lancefield group C Streptococcus dysgalactiae is an emerging fish pathogen, which was first isolated in 2002 in Japan. Streptococcus dysgalactiae isolates collected from diseased fish in Japan (n=12), Taiwan (n=12), China (n=2), Malaysia (n=3), and Indonesia (n=1) were characterized using biased sinusoidal field gel electrophoresis (BSFGE), sodA gene sequence analysis, and antimicrobial susceptibility. These isolates exhibited high phenotypic homogeneity irrespective of the countries from where the strains were collected. Seventeen isolates were found to be resistant to oxytetracycline and carried the tet(M) gene, except for the strains collected in Taiwan and the PP1564 strain collected in China. The sodA gene sequence analysis revealed that 23 isolates were identical, except for one Japanese isolate (KNH07902), in which a single nucleotide differed from that of the other isolates. Based on BSFGE typing by ApaI macrorestriction, the isolates - including the Japanese, Taiwanese, and Chinese isolates - could be grouped into one main cluster at a 70% similarity level. However, the macrorestriction genotypes of some isolates were apparently distinct from those of the main cluster.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Phenotypic and genetic characterizations ofStreptococcus dysgalactiaestrains isolated from fish collected in Japan and other Asian countries

Abdelsalam

Chen

Yoshida

2010

FEMS Microbiology Letters

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“…another physiological profiling device, the apiZym™ system, is directly oriented to enzyme activities, but its applicability is limited solely to individual isolates of microorganisms. it has not yet come into routine use for microbial ecology and is more often used for typing of clinical isolates (Gruner et al 1992).…”

Section: Other Methods Targeting Microbial Processes In Soilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial enzyme-catalyzed processes in soils and their analysis

Baldrián¹

2009

Plant Soil Environ.

153

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Currently, measuring enzyme activities in soils or other lignocellulose-based materials is technically feasible; this measurement is particularly suitable for evaluating soil processes of biopolymer (cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, chitin and others) degradation by microbes and for assessing cycling and mobilization of principal nutrients including nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur. With some considerations, assay methods can provide reliable information on the concentration of enzymes in soil or the rates of enzyme-catalyzed processes. Enzyme analyses in recent studies demonstrated a high level of spatial variability of soil enzyme activity both in depth and in space. The vertical gradients of enzyme activities are most developed in forest soils. Furthermore, enzyme activity in soils is regulated by seasonally-dependent variables such as temperature, moisture and the input of fresh litter. While several enzymes are widely produced by different groups of soil microorganisms, some of them can be used as indicators of the presence or activity of specific microbial taxa.

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“… 22 These features could be ensured by the absence of nonspecific reactivity in our periodate‐triggered substrates. The fingerprint concept was related to the multisubstrate‐based identification of microbial strains using the API ZYM system, 23 which is used routinely in clinical microbiology 24 . However, the API ZYM associated each substrate with a different enzyme and produced a pattern representing a panel of enzyme activities.…”

Section: Enzyme Activity Fingerprintingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Substrate Arrays for Fluorescence‐Based Enzyme Fingerprinting and High‐Throughput Screening

Reymond

2008

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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Indirect release of fluorogenic phenols such as umbelliferone was used as a chemical principle to prepare fluorogenic substrates for a variety of enzymes in which the enzyme-reactive group is separated from the fluorescent reporter group, allowing structural and functional diversification. Fluorescent probes were obtained for enzymes useful for asymmetric synthesis including aldolase catalytic antibodies, transaldolases, alcohol dehydrogenases, lipases, epoxide hydrolases, proteases, and Bayer-Villiger monoxygenases. Arrays of structurally related substrates were prepared and used to record the activity of enzymes on multiple substrates simultaneously in parallel formats such as microtiter plates, microarrays, and substrate cocktails, leading to enzyme-specific activity patterns. Arrays of nonlabeled substrates were assayed using indirect product sensors such as the adrenaline-periodate back-titration assay for 1,2-diols or the copper-calcein assay for amino acids. Many of the fluorogenic substrates and sensors described here are either commercially available or accessible in one or two simple synthetic steps and can be used for high-throughput screening of enzyme activities.

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The API ZYM system: a tabulated review from 1977 to date

Cited by 46 publications

References 49 publications

Phenotypic and genetic characterizations ofStreptococcus dysgalactiaestrains isolated from fish collected in Japan and other Asian countries

Phenotypic and genetic characterizations ofStreptococcus dysgalactiaestrains isolated from fish collected in Japan and other Asian countries

Microbial enzyme-catalyzed processes in soils and their analysis

Substrate Arrays for Fluorescence‐Based Enzyme Fingerprinting and High‐Throughput Screening

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