“…Although several studies scrutinize political discourses with reference to the speeches of prominent political figures in Turkey such as Turgut Özal, İsmet İnönü, Süleyman Demirel, Necmeddin Erbakan, Feridun Cemal Erkin and Fatin Rüştü Zorlu ( Atakuman, 2010 ; Bilgin & Bilgiç, 2012 ; Döşemeci, 2013 ; Robins, 1996 ), these studies rather use these texts as discursive tools to uphold their own arguments than comprehensively evaluating the meanings of political/cultural expressions in different political/cultural contexts. The literature also analyzes Turkish and European novels and other literary texts ( Aydın, 2003 ; Sabatos, 2000 ; Sezer, 2010 ; Soenen, 2000 ), Turkish and European press ( Buğday, 2003 ; Rougheri, 2000 ; Yanovski, 2000 ) and history textbooks ( Aktürk, 2007 ; Antoniou & Nuhoglu Soysal, 2005 ), although the main methodological focus of the literature remains on political discourses.…”