The Antiviral Roles of Hydrogen Sulfide by Blocking the Interaction between SARS‐CoV‐2 and Its Potential Cell Surface Receptors

Dai, Jing; Teng, Xu; Jin, Sheng; Wu, Yuming

doi:10.1155/2021/7866992

Cited by 15 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 135 publications

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“…This integrin receptor is absent in all coronaviruses except metapneumoviruses, which use integrin as alternative receptor to entry into host cells ( Sigrist et al, 2020 ). A big issue of SARS-CoV-2 with respect to SARS-1 is that the virus can enter cells through different receptors: ACE2, TLR7 and integrins ( Figure 4 ) and other potential receptors such as glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), transferrin receptor, AXL, kidney injury molecule-1, and neuropilin 1 ( Dai et al, 2021 ). Despite the availability of different receptors, it could be speculated that ozone therapy, damaging the viral capsid, may hinder viral entry and prevent cell infection in any case.…”

Section: Effect Ozone On Viruses: Action On Sars-cov-2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Action of Ozone Therapy in Emerging Viral Diseases: Immunomodulatory Effects and Therapeutic Advantages With Reference to SARS-CoV-2

Cenci¹,

Macchia²,

Sorsa³

et al. 2022

Front. Microbiol.

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Medical oxygen-ozone (O2-O3) is a successful therapeutic approach accounting on the assessed beneficial action of ozone in the range 30–45 μg/ml (expanded range 10–80 μg/ml according to different protocols), as in this dosage range ozone is able to trigger a cellular hormetic response via the modulating activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as signaling molecules. The ozone-dependent ROS-mediated fatty acid oxidation leads to the formation of lipid ozonization products (LOPs), which act as signal transducers by triggering ROS signaling and therefore mitohormetic processes. These processes ultimately activate survival mechanisms at a cellular level, such as the Nrf2/Keap1/ARE system activation, the AMPK/FOXO/mTOR/Sir1 pathway and the Nrf2/NF-kB cross talk. Furthermore, indirectly, via these pathways, LOPs trigger the HIF-1α pathway, the HO-1 signaling and the NO/iNOS biochemical machinery. Ozone-driven shift of cytokine activation pathways, from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory immediately afterwards, also exert direct immunoregulatory effects on regulatory T lymphocytes as well as on the intestinal microbiota, which in turn can affect immune response thus influencing the progression of the disease. In this review, we will describe the biological and biochemical mechanisms of action of ozone therapy with the aim of evaluating both positive and critical aspects of ozone use as a therapeutic adjuvant in the light of emerging viral infections, such as SARS-CoV-2 and microbiome-associated disorders related to SARS-CoV-2.

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Section: Effect Ozone On Viruses: Action On Sars-cov-2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Action of Ozone Therapy in Emerging Viral Diseases: Immunomodulatory Effects and Therapeutic Advantages With Reference to SARS-CoV-2

Cenci¹,

Macchia²,

Sorsa³

et al. 2022

Front. Microbiol.

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“…Notably, similar to NO, H 2 S is discovered to be an important endogenous epigenetic modulator [ 51 ]. Aberrant H 2 S metabolism occurs in many pathological states, such as sepsis, inflammation, coronavirus disease 2019, hypertension, atherosclerosis, obstructive respiratory disease, lung injury, macrophage activation, retinal diseases and neurodegenerative disease [ 77 , 81 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 ].…”

Section: Gaseous Mediatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gases in Sepsis: Novel Mediators and Therapeutic Targets

Zhu

Chambers

Zeng

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Sepsis, a potentially lethal condition resulting from failure to control the initial infection, is associated with a dysregulated host defense response to pathogens and their toxins. Sepsis remains a leading cause of morbidity, mortality and disability worldwide. The pathophysiology of sepsis is very complicated and is not yet fully understood. Worse still, the development of effective therapeutic agents is still an unmet need and a great challenge. Gases, including nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), are small-molecule biological mediators that are endogenously produced, mainly by enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Accumulating evidence suggests that these gaseous mediators are widely involved in the pathophysiology of sepsis. Many sepsis-associated alterations, such as the elimination of invasive pathogens, the resolution of disorganized inflammation and the preservation of the function of multiple organs and systems, are shaped by them. Increasing attention has been paid to developing therapeutic approaches targeting these molecules for sepsis/septic shock, taking advantage of the multiple actions played by NO, CO and H2S. Several preliminary studies have identified promising therapeutic strategies for gaseous-mediator-based treatments for sepsis. In this review article, we summarize the state-of-the-art knowledge on the pathophysiology of sepsis; the metabolism and physiological function of NO, CO and H2S; the crosstalk among these gaseous mediators; and their crucial effects on the development and progression of sepsis. In addition, we also briefly discuss the prospect of developing therapeutic interventions targeting these gaseous mediators for sepsis.

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“…Moreover, TfR1 has been identified as another potential receptor of SARS-CoV-2. Of note, the binding between virus and apical part of TfR1 does not interfere with iron transport by holo-Tf (Tang et al 2020 ; Dai et al 2021 ).…”

Section: Sars-cov-2 and Bovine Lactoferrinmentioning

confidence: 99%

An overview on in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity of lactoferrin: its efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 infection

et al. 2022

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Beyond the absolute and indisputable relevance and efficacy of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, the rapid transmission, the severity of infection, the absence of the protection on immunocompromised patients, the propagation of variants, the onset of infection and/or disease in vaccinated subjects and the lack of availability of worldwide vaccination require additional antiviral treatments. Since 1987, lactoferrin (Lf) is well-known to possess an antiviral activity related to its physico-chemical properties and to its ability to bind to both heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) of host cells and/or surface components of viral particles. In the present review, we summarize in vitro and in vivo studies concerning the efficacy of Lf against DNA, RNA, enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. Recent studies have revealed that the in vitro antiviral activity of Lf is also extendable to SARS-CoV-2. In vivo, Lf oral administration in early stage of SARS-CoV-2 infection counteracts COVID-19 pathogenesis. In particular, the effect of Lf on SARS-CoV-2 entry, inflammatory homeostasis, iron dysregulation, iron-proteins synthesis, reactive oxygen formation, oxidative stress, gut-lung axis regulation as well as on RNA negativization, and coagulation/fibrinolysis balance will be critically reviewed. Moreover, the molecular mechanisms underneath, including the Lf binding to HSPGs and spike glycoprotein, will be disclosed and discussed. Taken together, present data not only support the application of the oral administration of Lf alone in asymptomatic COVID-19 patients or as adjuvant of standard of care practice in symptomatic ones but also constitute the basis for enriching the limited literature on Lf effectiveness for COVID-19 treatment.

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The Antiviral Roles of Hydrogen Sulfide by Blocking the Interaction between SARS‐CoV‐2 and Its Potential Cell Surface Receptors

Cited by 15 publications

References 135 publications

Mechanisms of Action of Ozone Therapy in Emerging Viral Diseases: Immunomodulatory Effects and Therapeutic Advantages With Reference to SARS-CoV-2

Mechanisms of Action of Ozone Therapy in Emerging Viral Diseases: Immunomodulatory Effects and Therapeutic Advantages With Reference to SARS-CoV-2

Gases in Sepsis: Novel Mediators and Therapeutic Targets

An overview on in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity of lactoferrin: its efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 infection

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