The antioxidant potential of Azadirachta indica ameliorates cardioprotection following diabetic mellitus-induced microangiopathy

Abstract

Background:Cardiac complications associated with diabetes mellitus have become major cause of concern. Antidiabetic drugs, with varied mode of action, are although available, apprehensions exist for their limited action or side effects upon prolonged use. Efforts are therefore inclined toward finding other alternatives. The present study was, thus, undertaken to evaluate the cardioprotective effect of Azadirachta indica (AI) on microangiopathic changes in rat model of diabetes.Materials and Methods:Diabetes was induced in male rats by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg body weight). Seven days after glucose levels are stabilized, aqueous leaf extract of AI (ALE) (600 mg/kg1 body weight) was administered orally to diabetic animals every day for 7 days.Results:High blood glucose characterizing diabetes in these animals was found to show increased lipid peroxidation (LPO), altered antioxidant biomarkers together with microangiopathic alterations. The treatment of diabetic rats with ALE reduced the levels of blood glucose, LPO, and restored the activities of antioxidant enzyme. Light and transmission electron microscopic analysis revealed reduced necrotic areas and inflammation in tissue architecture of ALE treated heart in comparison to untreated diabetic group.Conclusion:AI provides cardioprotection by ameliorating oxidative stress in rat model of diabetic mellitus.SUMMARY The streptozotocin (STZ) treatment (60 mg/kg body weight) to animals induced diabetic changes such as elevated blood glucose levels, decreased body weight, altered lipid profiles together with development of proxidant state evidenced by elevated levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO), depletion in reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and altered antioxidant enzymes with consequent microangiopathic alterations in heart tissue evinced by localization of necrotic and inflamed areas in heart tissueThe treatment of animals with Azadirachta indica leaf extract (ALE) (600 mg/kg body weight) post-STZ treatment significantly reversed the adverse effects witnessed by normalized blood glucose levels, improvement in reduced body weight and stabilized lipid profilesFurther, ALE treatment also significantly reduced the LPO indices, improvement in GSH content and restoration of antioxidant enzyme activities, suggesting antioxidatant potential of ALEThe microangiopathic changes in the heart tissue consequent to induction of diabetes and oxidative stress by STZ as reiterated through light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were found to be reversed by ALE treatment. These observations pointed toward cardiopreventive effects of ALE following microangiopathic changes as seen following induction of diabetes mellitus. Abbreviations used: AI: Azadirachta indica, ALE: Azadirachta indica Leaves Extract. STZ: Streptozotocin, LPO Lipid per oxidation, GSH: Glutathione, GSSG: Glutathione disulphide, SOD: Superoxide dismutase, GP: Glutathione peroxidase, GR: Glutathione reductase.

Anthelmintic activity of the ethanolic extract of Carapa guianensis (Meliaceae) on gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in the Western Amazon

“…In vitro variations in anthelmintic activity in different plant extracts can be attributed to the different forms of extraction or separation of the active compound and / or the plant part in use. In addition to anthelmintic activity, the species of plants of the Meliaceae family also present antifungal activity (Akacha, Lahbib, Remadi, & Boughanmi, 2016), antiinflammatory activity (Grupta, Srivastva, Bubber, & Puri, 2016), antimicrobial agents (Serrone & Nicoletti, 2013;Prabhu et al, 2014) and antiparasitic activity (Remedio, Nunes, Anholeto, Oliveira, & Camargo-Mathias, 2015;Chouhan et al, 2015) With respect to the in vivo experiment the data demonstrate that the group of animals treated with ethanolic extract with the root and stem of crabwood presented a satisfactory result, because there is a tendency to reduce EPG, when the results of the initial and final EPG are compared. Thus, it was found that there was a significant difference (p <0.05).…”

Effect of Azadirachta indica and Senna siamea Decoction on CD4+ and CD8+ Level, Toxicological, and Antioxidant Profile in HIV/AIDS Positive Persons

“…is phenomenon is amplified by the deficit in antioxidants. Indeed, Tat protein has the ability to reduce the expression of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase genes, which are key enzymes in an antioxidant response [22,[26][27][28].…”

“…This same profile is also observed with ALP. Elevation of transaminases indicates impaired liver function or cytolysis [ 29 , 30 ]. Elevations of liver enzymes often reflect damage to the liver or biliary obstruction.…”

“…Indeed, among the many properties of our plants, Azadirachta indica and Senna siamea also have a very good antioxidant power, which would allow them to reduce the damage induced by oxidative stress [ 26 , 28 , 30 ]. Xiang et al demonstrated that Azadirachta indica significantly increased the levels of CAT and GSH [ 22 ].…”

“…Likewise, Olutayo et al suggested that Azadirachta indica considerably attenuates oxidative stress and inflammation [ 35 ]. Gupta et al showed that Azadirachta indica significantly increased the levels of CAT and SOD and decreased the levels of GSH [ 30 ]. Barnaby et al in a study on the antioxidant power of several plants demonstrated that Senna siamea had a very high antioxidant power [ 28 ].…”