The Antioxidant and Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity of Plumeria rubra Flowers

Abstract

Plumeria rubra Linn of the family Apocynaceae is locally known in Malaysia as “Kemboja”. It has been used by local traditional medicine practitioners for the treatment of arthritis-related disease. The LCMS/MS analysis of the methanol extract of flowers (PR-ME) showed that it contains 3-O-caffeyolquinic acid, 5-caffeoquinic acid, 1,3-dicaffeoquinic acid, chlorogenic acid, citric acid, 3,3-di-O-methylellagic acid, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-rutinoside, kaempferol, quercetin 3-O-α-l-arabinopyranoside, quercetin, quinic acid and rutin. The flower PR-ME contained high amounts of phenol and flavonoid at 184.632 mg GAE/g and 203.2.2 mg QE/g, respectively. It also exhibited the highest DPPH, FRAP, metal chelating, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide superoxide radical scavenging activity. Similarly, the XO inhibitory activity in vitro assay possesses the highest inhibition effects at an IC50 = 23.91 μg/mL. There was no mortality or signs of toxicity in rats at a dose of 4 g/kg body weight. The administration of the flower PR-ME at doses of 400 mg/kg to the rats significantly reduced serum uric acid 43.77%. Similarly, the XO activity in the liver was significantly inhibited by flower PR-ME at doses of 400 mg/kg. These results confirm that the flower PR-ME of P. rubra contains active phytochemical compounds as detected in LCMS/MS that contribute to the inhibition of XO activity in vitro and in vivo in reducing acid uric level in serum and simultaneously scavenging the free radical to reduce the oxidative stress.

Anti-Hyperuricemic Effects of Astaxanthin by Regulating Xanthine Oxidase, Adenosine Deaminase and Urate Transporters in Rats

“…The increased UA excretion detected in the model group was probably due to the excessive synthesis of UA [43]. Allopurinol inhibits the synthesis of UA by acting on the XOD [44], therefore the 24 h UA excretion of the ALL group had no significant difference from the model group, as listed in Table 1. To be noted, the 24 h UA excretion was significantly elevated in the AST-H group as compared to the model group (Table 1).…”

Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Effect of Alternanthera Sessilis

“…Although allopurinol has been successfully used to reduce uric acid level, it is still not the right drug for the treatment of acute gouty arthritis (dubchak and Falasca, 2010). Allopurinol generates superoxide and can develop undesirable symptoms in persons that are allergic to allopurinol (mohamed isa, Ablat and mohamad, 2018). since our extract is from natural origin and will not have any side effects, this plant can be used for the development of drug against gout, as it possesses significant inhibition towards xanthine oxidase.…”

Antioxidant, Xanthine Oxidase, α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities of Bioactive Compounds from Rumex crispus L. Root

“…Therefore, flavonoids could be a promising remedy for human gout and ischemia by decreasing both uric acid and superoxide concentrations in human tissues [13]. According to Mohamed Isa et al [15], Plumeria rubra contains a high amount of flavonoids and could be used as a new alternative to allopurinol with increased therapeutic activity and fewer side effects. The XO inhibitory activity in vitro assay of methanol extract of Plumeria rubra flowers possesses the highest inhibition effects at IC 50 = 23.91 μg/mL.…”

“…On the other hand, antioxidants are able to prevent or slow down oxidation by eliminating free radicals, which further help prevent oxidative disease and increase people’s lifespan [14]. On the other hand, xanthine oxidase enzyme inhibitors can reduce the enzyme activity, preventing the formation of urate salts [15,16].…”