The antimicrobial activity of free and immobilized poly (diallyldimethylammonium) chloride in nanoparticles of poly (methylmethacrylate)

Abstract

BackgroundSeveral cationic polymers exhibit a useful antimicrobial property, however the structure–activity relationship still requires a more complete investigation. The main objective of this work is the comparison between the antimicrobial activity and toxicity of free and immobilized poly (diallyldimethylammonium) chloride (PDDA) in biocompatible poly (methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) nanoparticles (NPs).ResultsNPs synthesis by emulsion polymerization is performed over a range of [PDDA] at two methylmethacrylate (MMA) concentrations. The PMMA/PDDA dispersions are characterized by dynamic light-scattering for sizing, polydispersity and zeta-potential analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), plating plus colony forming unities (CFU) counting for determination of the minimal microbicidal concentrations (MMC) against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans and hemolysis evaluation against mammalian erythrocytes. There is a high colloidal stability for the cationic PMMA/PDDA NPs over a range of [PDDA]. NPs diverse antimicrobial activity against the microorganisms reduces cell viability by eight-logs (E. coli), seven-logs (S. aureus) or two-logs (C. albicans). The NPs completely kill E. coli over a range of [PDDA] that are innocuous to the erythrocytes. Free PDDA antimicrobial activity is higher than the one observed for PDDA in the NPs. There is no PDDA induced-hemolysis at the MMC in contrast to the hemolytic effect of immobilized PDDA in the NPs. Hemolysis is higher than 15 % for immobilized PDDA at the MMC for S. aureus and C. albicans.ConclusionsThe mobility of the cationic antimicrobial polymer PDDA determines its access to the inner layers of the cell wall and the cell membrane, the major sites of PDDA antimicrobial action. PDDA freedom does matter for determining the antimicrobial activity at low PDDA concentrations and absence of hemolysis.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12951-015-0123-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Cationic Nanostructures against Foodborne Pathogens

“…The cationic lipid dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DODAB), the antimicrobial peptide gramicidin D (Gr), the antimicrobial cationic polymer poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) and the biocompatible polymer poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) can be combined to yield a variety of antimicrobial cationic nanostructures as previously described by our group (Carmona Ribeiro and Chaimovich, 1983; Martins et al, 1997; Lincopan et al, 2003, 2005; Pereira et al, 2008; Melo et al, 2010, 2011; Carvalho et al, 2012; Naves et al, 2013; Ragioto et al, 2014; Carrasco et al, 2015; Sanches et al, 2015). However, these nanostructures were not specifically evaluated against foodborne pathogens before.…”

“…PMMA/DODAB and PMMA/PDDA NPs were obtained as previously described (Naves et al, 2013; Sanches et al, 2015). …”

Colloidal Stability of Positively Charged Dispersions of Styrene and Acrylic Copolymers in the Presence of TiO2 and CaCO3

“…The group of Carmona-Ribeiro studied solvent-cast films obtained by spin-coating chloroformic solutions of quaternary ammonium salts with polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate). The hybrid films showed antimicrobial activity, especially against S. aureus and E. coli [23][24][25][26]. To the best of our knowledge, however, no study was so far devoted to colloidal stability in the mixed system containing positively charged latex ad inorganic particles in the context of paint formulations.…”

Arrranjos supramoleculares de lípide catiônico, antibióticos e polímeros: preparação, caracterização e atividade contra bactérias multirresistentes e micobactérias de crescimento rápido

“…As aplicações do PDDA podem variar desde a indústria de papel, mineração, alimentícia até como floculante de bactérias no tratamento de água (Zhao e Zhang, 2013). Além disso, este polímero antimicrobiano já demonstrou ser o princípio ativo de NPs antimicrobianas, seja compondo a camada mais externa de NPs formadas por auto-associação ou imobilizado no momento da síntese por polimerização em emulsão de NPs de poli(metacrilato de metila) (Vieira e Carmona-Ribeiro, 2008;Melo et al, 2010; Carmona-Ribeiro e Carrasco et al, 2015;Sanches et al, 2015).…”

“…aeruginosa (Alhajlan et al, 2013). (Melo et al, 2010;Carrasco et al, 2015;Sanches et al, 2015 (Darzynkiewicz et al, 1992;Rieseberg et al, 2001) Viabilidade celular em função das concentrações de DOD ou PDDA para P. aeruginosa MR (5-7x10 7 UFC/mL) (A), K. pneumoniae produtora de KPC (4-5x10 7 UFC/mL) (B) ou MRSA (8x10 7 -3x10 8 UFC/mL) (C); extravasamento de compostos fosforilados (%) em função das concentrações de DOD ou PDDA para cepas ATCC ou MR de P. aeruginosa (2x10 8 -5x10 10 UFC/mL) (D), K. pneumoniae (3x10 8 -1x10 10 UFC/mL) (E) ou S. aureus (5x10 9 -6x10 11 UFC/mL) (F). As interações ocorreram durante 1 hora, e as CMM para PDDA nas NPs estão indicadas por setas (A, B e C).…”