The antimicrobial activity of bupivacaine, lidocaine and mepivacaine against equine pathogens: An investigation of 40 bacterial isolates

Adler, Ditte Marie Top; Damborg, Peter; Verwilghen, Denis

doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.05.001

Cited by 36 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Liposomal bupivacaine formulation is preservative free, thereby lacking an antimicrobial additive. Previous studies have documented the bactericidal properties of bupivacaine (concentrations of 1.3‐2.5 mg/mL) against commonly isolated infective organisms including Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Rhodococcus, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Actinobacillus , and Corynebacterium spp . Bactericidal properties of the liposomal formulation of bupivacaine are still unknown, but the reported free bupivacaine concentration of the liposomal formulation (less than 1.064 mg/mL) is below the previously reported bactericidal concentrations .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Sterility and concentration of liposomal bupivacaine single‐use vial when used in a multiple‐dose manner

et al. 2020

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Objective: To evaluate the sterility of bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension (Nocita ® ) used in a multiple-dose fashion for 5 days.Study design: Triplicate liposomal bupivacaine vials were stored under two conditions, (1) room temperature (24 C) and (2) refrigerated temperature (5 C). A 3-mL aliquot was withdrawn from each vial daily. Samples were inoculated in tryptic soy broth in triplicate and then incubated for 24 hours at 37 C and subcultured every 48 hours onto blood agar and Sabouraud dextrose agar, respectively. Separate 1.5-mL aliquots of liposomal bupivacaine were centrifuged at 3500 g to separate liposome-encapsulated bupivacaine from the solution. Concentration of unencapsulated bupivacaine was analyzed via highpressure liquid chromatography. Data were analyzed by using mixed effects procedure with multiple comparisons.Sample population: Ten 20-mL vials of bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension stored under two conditions, (1) room temperature (24 C) and(2) refrigerated temperature (5 C). Results: Five days of repeated withdrawal from the single-use vials yielded no bacterial growth. One control vial, which was opened and punctured once on the last day of the experiment, yielded fungal growth of an Aspergillus spp, likely an environmental contaminant. The concentration of free bupivacaine did not significantly differ until the fifth day of sampling. Conclusion: When aseptic technique was used, liposomal bupivacaine remained sterile for 5 days. Concentrations of free bupivacaine were unchanged from baseline for 4 days in both refrigerated and room temperature conditions.Clinical significance: Single-use liposomal bupivacaine vials can be used extralabel in a multiple-dose fashion for up to 4 days when stored either refrigerated or room temperature when sterile technique is used.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Sterility and concentration of liposomal bupivacaine single‐use vial when used in a multiple‐dose manner

et al. 2020

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“…In our opinion; choosing LAs with high antimicrobial activity may be very important for SSI and wound healing for all surgical wounds. A study by Adler et al reported that administration of antibiotics can be questioned when LA infiltration was performed. These findings warrant that large‐scale clinical and experimental studies to be carried out in the future to demonstrate the antimicrobial effects of LAs and to determine their efficacious antimicrobial doses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial effects of local anaesthetics

Kesici

Demırci

Kesi̇ci̇

2019

International Wound Journal

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After the introduction of cocaine to the medical practice, local anaesthetics (LA) became essential in pain control. LA infiltration along the incision may be used to provide surgical anaesthesia or postoperative analgesia. This study aimed to compare the antimicrobial effects of the topical antimicrobial agent mupirocine with those of the LA lidocaine and the combination of lidocaine and adrenalin. In our study, the in vitro antimicrobial effects of 1 mL sterile saline, 20 mg/mL mupirocine, 20 mg/mL Lidocaine, and 20 mg/mL Lidocaine and Adrenaline were tested against Staphylococcus aureus American type culture collection (ATCC) 29213, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 as Group C (Control), Group M (Mupirocine), Group L (Lidocaine), and Group LA (Lidocaine + adrenaline), respectively. S aureus ATCC 29213, P aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and E coli ATCC 25922 were cultured onto Mueller–Hinton agar (Oxoid, UK) plates for 18 to 24 hours at 37°C. Colonies from these plates were suspended in sterile saline and a 0.5 McFarland turbidity standard suspension (corresponding to 1.5 × 108 CFU/mL) of each isolate was prepared. S Aureus ATCC 29213 inhibition zone diameter values of Group M, Group LA, and Group L were significantly higher compared with the group C (P ˂ 0.05). P aeruginosa ATCC 27853 inhibition zone diameter values of Group M and Group LA were significantly higher compared with the group C (P ˂ 0.05). E coli ATCC 25922 inhibition zone diameter values of Group M, Group LA, and Group L were significantly higher compared to the group C (P ˂ 0.05). LA infiltration along the incision may be used to provide surgical anaesthesia or postoperative analgesia. Considering that LAs show antimicrobial effects besides their analgesic effects, they may contribute to preventing the development and reducing the rate of surgical infections, decreasing the requirement to administer antibiotics. However, caution should be exercised not to antagonise the effective treatment of surgical infections, remembering that controversy on the antimicrobial effects of LAs remains in the literature. Therefore, further comprehensive studies with larger patient populations are warranted to demonstrate the antimicrobial effects of LAs.

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“…Lidocaine reduces isoflurane requirements for surgery in dogs and horses [ 16 , 17 ], contributes to multimodal analgesia in combination with other agents for the treatment of postoperative pain in dogs, cats, goats, horses, calves, rats, and humans [ 15 ], and has anti-inflammatory in humans, horses, and dogs [ 10 , 15 , 18 – 20 ]. Local anesthetics such as lidocaine have demonstrated in vitro antimicrobial effects on bacterial isolates from humans and horses [ 21 , 22 ]. In addition, lidocaine is readily available as a sterile, pharmaceutical-grade product, inexpensive, and not subject to state or DEA controlled substance regulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anesthetic effects and body weight changes associated with ketamine-xylazine-lidocaine administered to CD-1 mice

et al. 2017

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Anesthesia for mice is commonly performed through the injection of parenteral agents via the intraperitoneal (IP) route. Variability in anesthetic sensitivities has been noted in mice resulting in inconsistencies in anesthetic depth and/or mortality. Anesthetic protocols that improve consistency and safety are needed. The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of intraperitoneal (IP) ketamine (95 mg/kg) and xylazine (7 mg/kg) alone or combined with lidocaine at 4, 8, or 16 mg/kg on time to loss (LRR) and return (RRR) of righting reflex, duration of immobilization and loss of pedal withdrawal response (PWR), body weight and histopathology in CD-1 mice. In a prospective, randomized trial, 36 male CD-1 mice, 4–6 weeks of age were randomly assigned to 5 groups: saline (SA, n = 4); ketamine-xylazine (KX, n = 8); ketamine-xylazine-lidocaine 4 mg/kg (KXL4, n = 8); ketamine-xylazine-lidocaine 8 mg/kg (KXL8, n = 8); ketamine-xylazine-lidocaine 16 mg/kg (KXL16, n = 8). Two mice in each group were euthanized at day 2 post-injection and the remaining mice were euthanized at day 11 post-injection. After IP injection, LRR and RRR, duration of immobilization and loss of PWR, body weight and histopathology were evaluated. LRR occurred sooner in mice receiving KXL16 compared with KX, with median (range) times of 78 (62–104) and 107 (91–298) seconds, respectively. Loss of PWR occurred in 1, 5, 4, 6 mice for groups KX, KXL4, KXL8, and KXL16 respectively. Median (range) duration of absent PWR was longer in mice receiving KXL16 at 13 (0–30) minutes, compared to KX at 0 (0–9) minutes. Duration of immobilization and RRR were not different between groups. Weight loss occurred 2 days following anesthesia but was not different between groups. Weight gain was significantly greater in all lidocaine groups 11 days post-injection compared to KX. No mortality or histopathologic abnormalities were observed in any group. Lidocaine administered with ketamine and xylazine shortens the onset of anesthesia in mice and improves anesthetic depth without prolonging recovery time.

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The antimicrobial activity of bupivacaine, lidocaine and mepivacaine against equine pathogens: An investigation of 40 bacterial isolates

Cited by 36 publications

References 16 publications

Sterility and concentration of liposomal bupivacaine single‐use vial when used in a multiple‐dose manner

Sterility and concentration of liposomal bupivacaine single‐use vial when used in a multiple‐dose manner

Antimicrobial effects of local anaesthetics

Anesthetic effects and body weight changes associated with ketamine-xylazine-lidocaine administered to CD-1 mice

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