The antimicrobial activity in vitro of chlorhexidine, a mixture of isothiazolinones (‘Kathon’ CG) and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB)

Nicoletti, Gina; Boghossian, V.; Gurevitch, F.; Borland, R.; Morgenroth, P.

doi:10.1016/0195-6701(93)90014-q

Cited by 73 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…However, Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains exhibiting raised MIC to chlorhexidine have been observed [29] and MRSA strains with decreased susceptibility have been frequently isolated from clinical settings [30,31]. While other studies also reported the development of resistance towards chlorhexidine [32,33], this was not found in the present study. Although a slight increase in the IC 50 was noted, the change was statistically not significant.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

Analysis of the Adaptation Capacity of Staphylococcus aureus to Commonly Used Antiseptics by Microplate Laser Nephelometry

Wiegand

Abel

Ruth

et al. 2012

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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Background: Bacterial colonization and infection are important factors in compromised wound healing. Antiseptics have become an alternative for antimicrobial applications as antibiotic resistance is increasing; they have multiple targets with a broad spectrum of activity. Hence, the risk for developing resistance should be low. However, concerns have been raised that their growing use may result in bacteria that are less susceptible. Methods: The capacity of common antiseptics such as silver nitrate, polihexanide, octenidine, chlorhexidine and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-iodine to induce adaptation in a Staphylococcus aureus strain was analyzed in vitro using microplate laser nephelometry. S. aureus was repeatedly incubated with the respective half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) over a time period of 100 days. The influence of the continued treatment was determined by in situ monitoring of changes in the dose-response curves and calculation of the current IC₅₀ values for the substances tested. Results: During the experiment, S. aureus quickly adapted to high concentrations of the antibiotic mupirocin during repeated treatment. Moreover, a significant increase of the IC₅₀ for silver nitrate was observed over time. On the other hand, no significant difference was observed for polihexanide or chlorhexidine. While the IC₅₀ for octenidine was also found to increase significantly, although the change was only marginal, reiterated incubation with PVP-iodine led to a decrease in the IC₅₀. Conclusion: Repeated treatment of S. aureus with polihexanide, chlorhexidine, octenidine and PVP-iodine did not trigger bacterial adaptation to these substances.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

Analysis of the Adaptation Capacity of Staphylococcus aureus to Commonly Used Antiseptics by Microplate Laser Nephelometry

Wiegand

Abel

Ruth

et al. 2012

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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“…In a similar vein, Ismaeel et al (128) observed decreases in susceptibility of Providencia stuartii to chlorhexidine that could also be attributed to changes in the outer membrane. Nicoletti et al (201) noted that changes in susceptibility induced by 12 weeks of passage of Serratia marcescens and P. aeruginosa gave concurrent alterations in susceptibility to quaternary ammonium-based formulations. Changes in inner and outer membrane composition may coincidentally affect susceptibility to chemically unrelated antibiotics in a nonspecific fashion (105).…”

Section: Reduced Susceptibility To Biocides Associated With Chromosommentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Impact of Increased Use of Biocides in Consumer Products on Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance

2003

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There has recently been much controversy surrounding the increased use of antibacterial substances in a wide range of consumer products and the possibility that, as with antibiotics, indiscriminate use of biocides might contribute to the overall pattern of susceptibility in the general environment and in the clinic. Such speculation, based on the isolation of resistant mutants from in vitro monoculture experiments, is not reflected by an emergence of biocide-resistant strains in vivo. This review provides a broad coverage of the biocide and resistance literature and evaluates the potential risks, perceived from such laboratory monoculture experiments, against evidence gathered over 50 years of field studies. An explanation for the continued effectiveness of broad-spectrum biocidal agents against the decline in efficacy of therapeutic agents is provided based on the fitness costs of resistance and the ubiquity of naturally occurring substances that possess antibacterial effect. While we conclude from this review of the literature that the incorporation of antibacterial agents into a widening sphere of personal products has had little or no impact on the patterns of microbial susceptibility observed in the environment, the associated risks remain finite. The use of such products should therefore be associated with a clear demonstration of added value either to consumer health or to the product life. Hygienic products should therefore be targeted to applications for which the risks have been established

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“…Due to the amphiphilic property, they are implemented 62 in a wide range of applications [9][10][11]. Especially, these com- 63 pounds are widely used as broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents 64 [12,13]. Moreover, evidence suggests that these agents, in spite 65 of their potential toxicity to mammalian cells, have potential use 66 as anticancer agents [14].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel mechanisms of surfactants against Candida albicans growth and morphogenesis

Zhang

et al. 2015

Chemico-Biological Interactions

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The antimicrobial activity in vitro of chlorhexidine, a mixture of isothiazolinones (‘Kathon’ CG) and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB)

Cited by 73 publications

References 30 publications

Analysis of the Adaptation Capacity of <b><i>Staphylococcus aureus</i></b> to Commonly Used Antiseptics by Microplate Laser Nephelometry

Analysis of the Adaptation Capacity of <b><i>Staphylococcus aureus</i></b> to Commonly Used Antiseptics by Microplate Laser Nephelometry

Potential Impact of Increased Use of Biocides in Consumer Products on Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance

Novel mechanisms of surfactants against Candida albicans growth and morphogenesis

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