The antimalarial activity of indole alkaloids and hybrids

Abstract

Malaria, caused by the genus Plasmodium, remains a global public health concern. It is estimated by the World Health Organization that over 40% of the world's population lives in areas at risk for malarial transmission, and around half a million people succumb to this infectious disease annually, which is related to the rapid spread of drug-resistant parasite strains. Indole derivatives, which possess broadspectrum pharmacological properties, play a crucial role in the discovery of new drugs. Many indole derivatives exhibited potential in vitro and in vivo activity against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant malaria, suggesting that the indole moiety is a useful template for the development of novel antimalarial agents.

In vitro and In vivo antimalarial activities of Avicennia africana P. Beauv. (Avicenniaceae) ethanolic leaf extract

“…The presence of alkaloids in the plant may have disrupted the production of hemozoin in the parasite at various stages such as the ring or schizont stage by a variety of events such as dissipating mitochondrial capability as an early event in their antiplasmodial effect. 57 Also, the contribution of terpenoids or their synergies with other bioactive compounds in plants against malaria parasites have been extensively studied by several actors in the medical sciences in recent times. 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 Tannins in medicinal plants form tannin-zinc or tannin-iron complexes that obstruct parasite growth (trophozoite stage) by depriving the parasites of the needed growth requirements.…”

Synthesis and Antiplasmodial Activity of Bisindolylcyclobutenediones

“…In this regard, other mechanisms of action and other targets (e.g. hemoglobin degradation, hemozoin formation, β-hematin inhibition) should be considered which already have been identified for indole-derived antimalarial agents (recently reviewed by Li et al [ 50 ]).…”

An innovative extraction strategy for herbal medicine by adopting p‐sulphonatocalix[6]/[8]arenes

“…Alkaloids have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, 1 anticancer, 2 antiarrhythmia, 3 analgesia 4 and antimalarial activity. 5 Due to the poor solubilities of most alkaloids, organic solvent such as alcohols, chloroform, and ethyl acetate have been adopted generally to extract alkaloids from herbs. Nevertheless, the consumption of large volumes of these volatile organic solvents contributes to environmental pollution in extracts.…”