The Antillean Tertiary Crinoid Fauna

Donovan, Stephen K.; Veltkamp, C. J.

doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2001)075<0721:tatcf>2.0.co;2

Cited by 13 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 17 publications

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“…Stalked crinoids (isocrinids and bourgueticrinids) are rare, except in deep-water settings (Oji, 1990;Eagle, 1993;Donovan, 1995;Donovan & Veltkamp, 2001;Kroh, 2003a). Stalkless forms, the comatulids, are more common, especially in reefal environments (Meyer & Macurda, 1997).…”

Section: Crinoid Skeletonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Echinoderms and Oligo‐Miocene Carbonate Systems: Potential Applications in Sedimentology and Environmental Reconstruction

Kroh

Nebelsick

2012

Carbonate Systems During the Oligocene–Miocene Climatic Transition

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Echinoderms represent a major ecological component and contribute considerably to Oligocene-Miocene carbonate sediments, both as macrofossils and as skeletal grains. The skeletal morphology of all five extant echinoderm classes (echinoids, asteroids, ophiuroids, crinoids, holothuroids) is reviewed. Disarticulated skeletal elements are much more common in sediments than articulated specimens for all echinoderm classes except for echinoids; studies relying on complete specimens alone may be severely biased. The reproduction and growth of echinoderms, the composition of the skeleton, and the crystallography and diagenesis of echinoderm ossicles are reviewed. The echinoderm skeleton consists of high-Mg calcite with 3-18.5 wt% Mg. The skeleton exhibits strong interlacing of microcrystalline calcite with organic material and nonrandom orientation of crystals, achieving considerable hardness and durability. Echinoderm biostratinomy and the identification of disarticulated material are considered. The echinoderm origin of sediment particles can usually be recognised by their characteristic microstructure. Due to the high degree of specialisation, disarticulated remains can often be identified to family or genus level, leading to a more accurate picture of spatial and temporal echinoderm distributions.Echinoderm geochemistry is reviewed with respect to the Mg-content of the skeleton as a palaeotemperature proxy, and the Mg/Ca ratio as a monitor of ancient seawater composition; Sr/Ca ratios and carbon and oxygen stable-isotopes are considered. The echinoderm skeleton is altered during diagenesis and is transformed to low-Mg calcite. The microstructure of the skeleton is largely unaffected by this process, but changes in the isotopic signature and minor/trace-element contents may occur. These factors, together with physiological effects of isotope intake, hamper geochemical applications. However, echinoderms have been used successfully in studies of Phanerozoic seawater chemistry: the Mg and Sr contents of echinoderm skeletons apparently strongly correlate with temperature. Asteroids and ophiuroids are probably best suited for palaeotemperature reconstructions because of the lack of known fractionation within the skeleton and because genetic effects are less pronounced than in echinoids. Controlled laboratory experiments are needed to establish calibrations.Echinoderm remains may account for 5-30 % of the particles within specific Oligocene and Miocene carbonate facies. They seem to be more abundant in temperate shelf carbonates than in tropical settings. Diagenetic changes associated with echinoderm ossicles strongly affect the embedding sediment and promote lithification. Bioerosion by grazing echinoids is important for carbonate budgets in coral reefs and influences the modal size-distribution of sediments by the production of carbonate mud. Burrowing echinoderms may cause intensive bioturbation and reworking of sediments. Echinoderms provide valuable evidence for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. Ecological ...

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Section: Crinoid Skeletonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Echinoderms and Oligo‐Miocene Carbonate Systems: Potential Applications in Sedimentology and Environmental Reconstruction

Kroh

Nebelsick

2012

Carbonate Systems During the Oligocene–Miocene Climatic Transition

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Evolutionary innovations in the fossil record: the intersection of ecology, development, and macroevolution

Jablonski

2005

J Exp Zool Pt B

100

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The origins of evolutionary innovations have been intensively studied, but relatively little is known about their large-scale ecological patterns. For post-Paleozoic benthic marine invertebrates, which have the richest and most densely sampled fossil record, order-level taxa tend to appear first in onshore, disturbed habitats, even in groups that are now exclusively deep-water (so that present-day distributions are not reliable indicators of original environments). New results presented here show that the onshore-origination pattern is robust to shifts in taxonomic methods and to new paleontological discoveries, and the few available studies suggest that this pattern can also be seen in terms of excursions in morphospace or the acquisition of derived character states, without reference to taxonomic categories. The environmental pattern at high levels contrasts significantly with the origin of low-level novelties (such as defined genera and families) in crinoids, echinoids, and bryozoans, where first appearances tend to conform to their clade-specific bathymetric diversity gradients. This discordance seems to eliminate potential driving mechanisms that simply scale up within-population genetic or ecological processes. Little is known about the factors that promote the onshore-offshore expansion of orders across the continental shelf, or that drive some clades to abandon ancestral habitats for an exclusively deep-water distribution. The origin of evolutionary innovation must ultimately reside in developmental changes, but the onshore-origination bias could emerge from two different dynamics: the pattern could be primarily genetic and developmental, i.e., innovations truly arise onshore; or primarily ecological, i.e., innovations arise randomly but preferentially survive onshore. Whatever the ultimate driving mechanisms, these macroevolutionary patterns show that theories of large-scale evolutionary novelty must include an ecological dimension.

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A new bourgueticrinid (Crinoidea) from the Castle Hayne Formation (Eocene) of southeastern North Carolina, USA

2007

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The Antillean Tertiary Crinoid Fauna

Cited by 13 publications

References 17 publications

Echinoderms and Oligo‐Miocene Carbonate Systems: Potential Applications in Sedimentology and Environmental Reconstruction

Echinoderms and Oligo‐Miocene Carbonate Systems: Potential Applications in Sedimentology and Environmental Reconstruction

Evolutionary innovations in the fossil record: the intersection of ecology, development, and macroevolution

A new bourgueticrinid (Crinoidea) from the Castle Hayne Formation (Eocene) of southeastern North Carolina, USA

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