The anticancer application of half-sandwich iridium(iii) ferrocene-thiosemicarbazide Schiff base complexes

Abstract

Half-sandwich iridium(iii) ferrocene-thiosemicarbazide Schiff base complexes can induce apoptosis of A549 cells through a lysosomal–mitochondrial anticancer channel.

Visible and Red Light-Triggered Anticancer Profile of a Ferrocene-Re(I)-Tricarbonyl Conjugate: Experimental and Theoretical Studies

“…29,30 For example, Liu and co-workers have observed apoptotic cell death mode by ferrocene-based half-sandwich Ir(III) complexes. 39 Similarly, the Chakravarty group has reported the ferrocene conjugates of several first-row transition metal complexes inducing cellular apoptosis under the influence of visible light. 40−42 Also, Meggers and Wilson groups have shown Re(I) tricarbonyl complexes caused apoptosis in cancer cells upon light exposure.…”

“…40 Liu et al have reported the improvement in redox activity and cytotoxicity of half-sandwich Ir(III) complexes due to the presence of the ferrocene moiety (Table 1). 39 The Gasser group has also reported the enhancement in the bioactivity of ferrocene-based anthelmintic praziquantel against HeLa cells. 67 Recently, Patra and co- workers realized the effect of ferrocene moiety conjugation on Ru(II)/Pt(II) complexes to overcome cisplatin resistance and improve its cytotoxicity.…”

“…37,38 Liu et al have reported an increase in the anticancer effect of half-sandwich Ir(III) complexes after attaching a ferrocene moiety to the ligand system. 39 Chakravarty and co-workers have shown an increase in the light-triggered anticancer activity of several transition metal-based complexes, such as Pt, V, Cu, etc., upon conjugating them with a ferrocene moiety against a panel of cancer cells. 40−43 Moreover, the Akhtar group has explored the photochemotherapeutic potential of a ferrocene-appended Fe(III) coumarin conjugate under red light.…”

“…Moreover, ferrocene-conjugated heterometallic compounds have also been explored as potential anticancer chemotherapeutics. , For example, rhodium–ferrocene complexes showed cisplatin-like cytotoxicity against prostate cancer cells but with a different cell death mechanism. , The Patra group has reported the efficacy of ferrocene pendants to increase the cytotoxicity of Pt­(II)/Ru­(II) complexes. , Liu et al . have reported an increase in the anticancer effect of half-sandwich Ir­(III) complexes after attaching a ferrocene moiety to the ligand system . Chakravarty and co-workers have shown an increase in the light-triggered anticancer activity of several transition metal-based complexes, such as Pt, V, Cu, etc., upon conjugating them with a ferrocene moiety against a panel of cancer cells. − Moreover, the Akhtar group has explored the photochemotherapeutic potential of a ferrocene-appended Fe­(III) coumarin conjugate under red light .…”

Iridium(iii) complexes conjugated with naproxen exhibit potent anti-tumor activities by inducing mitochondrial damage, modulating inflammation, and enhancing immunity

“…Firstly, iridium complexes can target organelles such as mitochondria, lysosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum by regulating their lipophilicity. 3–10 Secondly, due to the strong spin–orbit coupling effect and rich photophysical and chemical properties of cyclometalated iridium( iii ) complexes, they exhibit photodynamic and photothermal activity. 11–17 In addition, iridium complexes can induce multiple modes of cell death, including apoptosis, 18,19 autophagy, 20 oncosis, 21 ferroptosis, 22 pyroptosis, 23 etc .…”