The antibacterial innate immune response by the mosquito Aedes aegypti is mediated by hemocytes and independent of Gram type and pathogenicity

Hillyer, Julián F.; Schmidt, Shelley L.; Christensen, Bruce M.

doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2004.01.005

Cited by 75 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…This is an important mechanism for mosquito resistance to eukaryotic parasites, including malaria parasites and filarial worms (7,14). Ultrastructural studies demonstrate that this response is also rapidly deployed against bacteria (24,25,(28)(29)(30). In Aedes aegypti and Armigeres subalbatus, enzymes involved in melanization, including prophenoloxidase and phenylalanine hydroxylase, are produced primarily by oenocytoids (27,28,36).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been shown that each bacterium elicits a distinct effector arm of the mosquito innate immune response; following inoculation of either Aedes aegypti or Armigeres subalbatus, the primary response to E. coli is phagocytosis, and that to M. luteus is melanization (28,29). Most recently, it was shown that melanization and/or phagocytosis is elicited by a variety of bacterial species, independent of the Gram type (30).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Description of the Transcriptomes of Immune Response-Activated Hemocytes from the Mosquito Vectors Aedes aegypti and Armigeres subalbatus

Cho²,

et al. 2004

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Mosquito-borne diseases, including dengue, malaria, and lymphatic filariasis, exact a devastating toll on global health and economics, killing or debilitating millions every year (54). Mosquito innate immune responses are at the forefront of concerted research efforts aimed at defining potential target genes that could be manipulated to engineer pathogen resistance in vector populations. We aimed to describe the pivotal role that circulating blood cells (

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Description of the Transcriptomes of Immune Response-Activated Hemocytes from the Mosquito Vectors Aedes aegypti and Armigeres subalbatus

Cho²,

et al. 2004

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“…66 Moreover, melanization has been reported to be associated with phagocytosis in mosquitoes and the medfly. [67][68][69][70] Similarly, increased PO activity enhances phagocytosis by hemocytes and resistance to infection in the fresh water crayfish P. leniusculus. 54 In Drosophila, the cellular immune response was reduced in a DDC mutant background lacking a melanin precursor, dopamine.…”

Section: Biological Importance Of the Melanization Reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation and function of the melanization reaction in Drosophila

Tang

2009

Fly

186

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The melanization reaction, involving the synthesis of melanin to encapsulate pathogens, is a prominent immune response in Drosophila, the mosquito and other insects and arthropods. Biochemical studies with large insects have defined a basic model for how melanization is activated and regulated upon microbial infection. In this model, recognition of a microorganism triggers a serine protease cascade that activates phenol oxidase (PO), a key enzyme in the melanin biosynthetic pathway, and serpin-type protease inhibitors are involved in inhibiting the cascade. In the past few years, genetic studies in Drosophila have identified serine proteases and serpins that regulate activation of PO and melanization in vivo. These studies, along with molecular genetic analysis of melanization in the mosquito, have provided new insight into the role that melanization plays in fighting microbial infection.

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“…In response to pathogens, mosquito haemocytes phagocytose bacteria, yeast and Plasmodium parasites; mediate melanization of some nematode parasites, yeast and bacteria; and are involved in cell signalling events for the production of antimicrobial peptides together with the fat body (Bartholomay et al, 2004;Hernandez-Martinez et al, 2002;Hillyer et al, 2003aHillyer et al, , b, 2004Infanger et al, 2004;Lowenberger, 2001). The role of mosquito haemocytes in arbovirus replication, dissemination and antiviral responses is unknown.…”

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A haemocyte tropism for an arbovirus

Parikh

Oliver

2009

Journal of General Virology

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Horizontally transmitted mosquito-borne viruses enter the midgut with a blood meal then disseminate to infect the salivary glands. En route to the salivary glands, these viruses encounter the plasma (haemolymph) and blood cells (haemocytes). Haemocytes respond to a variety of micro-organisms, but their role in virus replication and dissemination has not been described. To look for a potential haemocyte tropism for an arbovirus, a Sindbis virus was injected intrathoracically into four species of mosquito. Virus infects haemocytes as early as 6 h post injection (p.i.) and infection was evident in these cells for as long as 4 days p.i. More than 90 % of haemocytes were infected, most often the phagocytic granulocytes. Virus titres in the haemolymph increased from 24 h p.i. through 60 h p.i. Similar results were found when Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were injected with orally infectious Sindbis. These data prove that an arbovirus infects, and replicates in, haemocytes.

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The antibacterial innate immune response by the mosquito Aedes aegypti is mediated by hemocytes and independent of Gram type and pathogenicity

Cited by 75 publications

References 42 publications

Description of the Transcriptomes of Immune Response-Activated Hemocytes from the Mosquito Vectors Aedes aegypti and Armigeres subalbatus

Description of the Transcriptomes of Immune Response-Activated Hemocytes from the Mosquito Vectors Aedes aegypti and Armigeres subalbatus

Regulation and function of the melanization reaction in Drosophila

A haemocyte tropism for an arbovirus

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