The Antibacterial Activity of 1,2,3-triazole- and 1,2,4-Triazole-containing Hybrids against Staphylococcus aureus: An Updated Review (2020- Present)

Abstract

: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), a prominent, highly contagious nosocomial and community-acquired bacterial pathogen, can cause a broad spectrum of diseases. Antibiotic-resistant S. aureus strains, which pose potential causes of morbidity and mortality, have continuously emerged in recent years, calling for novel anti-S. aureus agents. 1,2,3-Triazole and 1,2,4-triazole, the bioisostere of amides, esters, and carboxylic acids, are potent inhibitors of DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV, efflux pumps, filamentous temperature-sensitive protein Z, and penicillin-binding protein. In particular, 1,2,3-triazole- and 1,2,4-triazole-containing hybrids have the potential to exert dual or multiple antibacterial mechanisms of action. Moreover, 1,2,3-triazole-cephalosporin hybrid cefatrizine, 1,2,3-triazole-oxazolidinone hybrid radezolid, and 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine hybrid essramycin, have already been used in clinical practice to treat bacterial infections. Hence, 1,2,3-triazole- and 1,2,4-triazole-containing hybrids possess promising broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against diverse clinically significant organisms, including drug-resistant forms. This review is an update on the latest development of 1,2,3-triazole- and 1,2,4-triazole-containing hybrids with anti-S. aureus activity, covering articles published between January 2020 and July 2021.

Fluorinated triazoles as privileged potential candidates in drug development—focusing on their biological and pharmaceutical properties

“…Triazoles exist in two possible structural forms, 1,2,3-triazoles and 1,2,4-triazoles, and both have potentially broad spectrum of pharmacological activities. Different types of activities from biological to materials chemistry have been broadly explored ( Kumar et al, 2021 ; Li and Zhang 2022 ). Their importance is not only due to abundance but also because they are one of the core structural components in both natural and synthetic drugs and drug candidates that impart a huge variety of biological and pharmaceutical properties including anticancer, antioxidant, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-HIV, antimicrobial, antiviral, antineoplastic, antimalarial, antihistaminic, antitubercular, anticoagulant, antibacterial, antiallergic as well as immunomodulatory agents, and anesthetic and enzyme inhibitors ( Yadav et al, 2018 ; Nemallapudi et al, 2021 ).…”

Structural and Energetic Properties of Weak Noncovalent Interactions in Two Closely Related 3,6-Disubstituted-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole Derivatives: In Vitro Cyclooxygenase Activity, Crystallography, and Computational Investigations

“…Melting points (°C, uncorrected) were measured in open glass capillaries using a Stuart SMP30 electro-thermal melting point apparatus. NMR spectra were obtained on a Bruker 400 Avance III at 400.20 MHz for 1 H and 100.63 MHz for 13 C using DMSO-d 6 as a solvent. Electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS) was performed on an Agilent 6410 triple quad tandem mass spectrometer at 4.0 kV for positive ions.…”

“…In recent years, 1,2,4-triazoles and their fused heterocyclic derivatives received considerable attention owing to their diverse biological activities. 1 , 2 Several 1,2,4-triazoles were reported to possess potent anti-inflammatory, 3 − 9 antifungal, 10 , 11 antibacterial, 12 , 13 and anticancer activities. 14 − 16 On the other hand, the 1,3,4-thiadiazole heterocycle was early recognized as the core pharmacophore of numerous bioactive agents, 17 − 20 possessing marked anti-inflammatory 21 − 23 and anticancer activities.…”

“…In recent years, 1,2,4-triazoles and their fused heterocyclic derivatives received considerable attention owing to their diverse biological activities. , Several 1,2,4-triazoles were reported to possess potent anti-inflammatory, − antifungal, , antibacterial, , and anticancer activities. − On the other hand, the 1,3,4-thiadiazole heterocycle was early recognized as the core pharmacophore of numerous bioactive agents, − possessing marked anti-inflammatory − and anticancer activities. , Moreover, the hybrid triazole-thiadiazole derivative, 1,2,4-triazolo­[3,4- b ]­[1,3,4]­thiadiazole, was recently reported to possess marked anticancer − and antibacterial activities , in addition to anti-inflammatory activity via selective inhibition of the cyclooxygenase COX-2 isoform. − …”

New Derivatives of 5-((1-Methyl-Pyrrol-2-yl) Methyl)-4-(Naphthalen-1-yl)-1,2,4-Triazoline-3-Thione and Its Coordination Compounds with Anticancer Activity

“…Heterocyclic compounds are known to play a significant role in the design of a new class of structural entities for medicinal and biological purposes [ 29 , 30 ]. Important pharmacologicals of heterocyclic compounds include 1,2,4-triazoles and their derivatives, which have received much attention because of their interesting biological activities [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]. 1,2,4-Triazoles are present as a unit in a variety of drugs marketed as antineoplastic [ 44 ], antifungal [ 45 ], antiviral [ 46 ], sedative stimulants [ 46 , 47 , 48 ], anti-inflammatory [ 49 ] and antimycotics agents [ 50 ] Triazole-based drugs are shown in Figure 1 .…”