The anti-predator role of within-nest emergence synchrony in sea turtle hatchlings

Santos, Robson G.; Pinheiro, Hudson T.; Martins, Agnaldo Silva; Riul, Pablo; Bruno, Soraya C.; Janzen, Fredric J.; Ioannou, Christos C.

doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.0697

Cited by 61 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Despite a well-developed theory on the relationship between predation risk and predator swamping, few studies have focused on how egg hatching synchrony is affected by nonlethal predation cues. Nevertheless, Foster and Treherne (1981) and Santos et al (2016) found evidence for the synchronisation hypothesis in insects and sea turtles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Nevertheless, Foster and Treherne () and Santos et al. () found evidence for the synchronisation hypothesis in insects and sea turtles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In addition, synchronized hatching in the presence of predation risk should be favoured because the search image of predators may be reduced by a large number of prey and because of a swamping effect (Hamilton, 1971; Ims, 1990). Some support of this has been found in insects and sea turtles (Foster & Treherne, 1981;Santos et al, 2016). Because predation risk can affect the timing (early versus late) as well as the synchrony of hatching, it is interesting to examine which of these mechanisms are affected most strongly by the presence of predation risk.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Predation risk affects egg mortality and carry over effects in the larval stages in damselflies

2019

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The non‐consumptive predator effect may incur physiological costs that affect growth and development and ultimately survival. While studies have shown that the effect can affect development and growth in organisms with complex life cycles, we have limited knowledge on the effect in the egg and early larval stage. Here, we used a laboratory experiment to examine how the presence of chemical cues, a non‐consumptive predator effect, from an aquatic predator, perch, affected hatching success of larvae in three species of damselfly, Ischnura elegans, Coenagrion pulchellum, and Enallagma cyathigerum. In addition, we examined how exposure to predation risk in the early larval stages affected growth in the late larval stages of I. elegans. We found that the presence of chemical predator cues (1) increased egg mortality in all three species, (2) caused earlier hatching of eggs in one species, no change in a second species and a delay in egg hatching in a third species. We also found that predator cues have the potential to cause a carryover effect from early larval stages to late larval stages in terms of larval growth rate. The addition of non‐consumptive predator cues in the form of fish water caused higher algal growth than in the control experimental containers, and we suggest that this algal growth has the potential to confound predator stress cues. Our results show that the non‐consumptive predator effects affect survival and growth, and hence they have the potential to affect predator–prey dynamics in natural systems. Future studies on such effects in aquatic systems should consider confounding stressors, such as algae, fungi, oxygen, and nutrients levels, that might come with the addition of predation cues in water and thus add additional stress.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Nevertheless, Foster and Treherne () and Santos et al. () found evidence for the synchronisation hypothesis in insects and sea turtles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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confidence: 99%

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Predation risk affects egg mortality and carry over effects in the larval stages in damselflies

2019

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“…Key benefits of social grouping include reduced predation risk (due to collective vigilance (e.g. Boland, ), predator encounter dilution (Santos et al, ) and predator confusion (Tosh, Jackson, & Ruxton, ), enhanced foraging efficiency (due to collective effort searching for food (e.g. Cvikel et al, ) or increased ability to overcome competitors (Foster, ) and efficient aerodynamic or hydrodynamic movement (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards an ultimate explanation for mixed‐species shoaling

2019

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The formation of social groups has important impacts on fitness for many animal species, with differences in group compositions resulting in a range of fitness outcomes for individuals. Recent interest in mixed‐species grouping, which extends from a large body of literature invested in understanding single‐species grouping, highlights novel complexities of group formation which relate to phenotypic, behavioural and physiological differences that naturally exist between species. Among fishes, mixed‐species shoaling is a common form of social grouping behaviour displayed across a range of marine and freshwater ecosystems. Research explaining mixed‐species shoaling shows some overlap with explanations for single‐species shoaling; however, it also demonstrates that distinct differences between species give rise to unique cost‐benefit trade‐offs which need to be incorporated into conceptual models of mixed‐species shoaling behaviour. Unique predation related trade‐offs may arise from inefficiency of the confusion effect, variation in vigilance between species and unequal species‐preferences shown by predators, whilst unique foraging‐related trade‐offs may arise from diet partitioning, variations in foraging behaviour and differences in competitive abilities between species. We review the literature on fitness outcomes associated with mixed‐species shoaling and present a new theoretical framework to explain the cost‐benefit trade‐offs for individuals within mixed‐species shoals. The framework incorporates both trade‐offs arising from differences between species and those arising from group size, the former having been largely ignored due to a focus on single‐species shoaling. Our framework is designed to inform future research striving to explain mixed‐species shoaling behaviour.

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“…The tendency to aggregate into social groupings has been observed after both short‐ (Hoare, Couzin, Godin, & Krause, ) and long‐term (Herbert‐Read et al., ) exposure to an increased level of predation risk. In correspondence, individuals in groups often experience higher survival rates compared to solitary individuals (Cresswell, ; Neill & Cullen, ; Santos et al., ; Treherne & Foster, ). A number of mechanisms act to reduce this per capita risk of predation, including risk dilution (Foster & Treherne, ; Turner & Pitcher, ), the group vigilance effect (Elgar, ; Treherne & Foster, ), the avoidance effect (Ioannou, Bartumeus, Krause, & Ruxton, ) and predator mobbing (Andersson & Wiklund, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The oddity effect drives prey choice but not necessarily attack time

2018

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The tendency of predators to preferentially attack phenotypically odd prey in groups (the oddity effect) is a clear example of how predator cognition can impact behaviour and morphology in prey. Through targeting phenotypically odd prey, predators are thought to avoid the cognitive constraints that delay and limit the success of attacks on homogenous prey groups (the confusion effect). In addition to influencing which prey a predator will attack, the confusion and oddity effects would also predict that attacks on odd prey can occur more rapidly than attacking the majority prey type, as odd prey are more easily targeted, but this prediction has yet to be tested. Here, we used kerri tetra fish, Inpaichthys kerri, presented with mixed phenotypic groups of Daphnia dyed red or black to investigate whether odd prey in groups are preferentially attacked and whether these attacks were faster than those on the majority prey type. In agreement with previous work, odd prey were targeted and attacked more often than expected from their frequency in the prey groups, regardless of whether the odd prey was red in a group of black prey or vice versa. However, no difference was found in the time taken to attack odd vs. majority prey items, contrary to our predictions. Our results suggest that the time taken to make an attack is determined by a wider range of factors or is subject to greater variance than the choice of which prey is selectively targeted in a group.

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The anti-predator role of within-nest emergence synchrony in sea turtle hatchlings

Cited by 61 publications

References 49 publications

Predation risk affects egg mortality and carry over effects in the larval stages in damselflies

Predation risk affects egg mortality and carry over effects in the larval stages in damselflies

Towards an ultimate explanation for mixed‐species shoaling

The oddity effect drives prey choice but not necessarily attack time

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