The anti-inflammatory mechanism of antidepressants – SSRIs, SNRIs

Gałecki, Piotr; Mossakowska-Wójcik, Joanna; Talarowska, Monika

doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.03.016

Cited by 138 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…It should also be noted that SSRIs are suggested to have some anti‐inflammatory effects . Although the specific molecular mechanisms by which SSRIs exert such effects are not clear, a variety of mechanisms have been proposed, including those mediated by the serotonin transporter, mediated by NF‐κB, by IL‐10, and via actions on cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling .…”

Section: Potential Anti‐inflammatory Treatment Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammation and post‐traumatic stress disorder

Hori

Kim

2019

Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

258

176

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While post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is currently diagnosed based solely on classic psychological and behavioral symptoms, a growing body of evidence has highlighted a link between this disorder and alterations in the immune and inflammatory systems. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that PTSD is associated with significantly increased rates of physical comorbidities in which immune dysregulation is involved, such as metabolic syndrome, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and autoimmune diseases. In line with this, a number of blood biomarker studies have reported that compared to healthy controls, individuals with PTSD exhibit significantly elevated levels of proinflammatory markers, such as interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐6, tumor necrosis factor‐α, and C‐reactive protein. Moreover, various lines of animal and human research have suggested that inflammation is not only associated with PTSD but also can play an important role in its pathogenesis and pathophysiology. In this review, we first summarize evidence suggestive of increased inflammation in PTSD. We then examine findings that suggest possible mechanisms of inflammation in this disorder in terms of two different but interrelated perspectives: putative causes of increased proinflammatory activities and potential consequences that inflammation generates. Given that there is currently a dearth of treatment options for PTSD, possibilities of new therapeutic approaches using pharmacological and non‐pharmacological treatments/interventions that have anti‐inflammatory effects are also discussed. Despite the increasing attention given to the inflammatory pathology of PTSD, there remains much to be elucidated, including more detailed mechanisms of inflammation, potential usefulness of inflammatory biomarkers as diagnostic and prognostic markers, and efficacy of novel treatment strategies targeting inflammation.

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Section: Potential Anti‐inflammatory Treatment Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammation and post‐traumatic stress disorder

Hori

Kim

2019

Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

258

176

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“…Therefore, serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as citalopram and fluoxetine, are common first‐line antidepressants that function by increasing extracellular serotonin levels . SSRIs have been shown to exhibit anti‐inflammatory and antimicrobial effects . It has been proposed that the therapeutic efficacy of SSRIs is in part due to their anti‐inflammatory properties .…”

Section: Parallel Mechanisms Between Gut‐brain‐axis and Skin‐brain Axismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SSRIs have been shown to exhibit anti‐inflammatory and antimicrobial effects . It has been proposed that the therapeutic efficacy of SSRIs is in part due to their anti‐inflammatory properties . A similar, cytokine‐mediated neuromodulatory effect may be postulated for chronic wounds, where circulating levels of pro‐inflammatory mediators are elevated.…”

Section: Parallel Mechanisms Between Gut‐brain‐axis and Skin‐brain Axismentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiome‐skin‐brain axis: A novel paradigm for cutaneous wounds

Hadian

Fregoso

Nguyen

et al. 2020

Wound Repair Regeneration

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Chronic wounds cause a significant burden on society financially, medically, and psychologically. Unfortunately, patients with nonhealing wounds often suffer from comorbidities that further compound their disability. Given the high rate of depressive symptoms experienced by patients with chronic wounds, further studies are needed to investigate the potentially linked pathophysiological changes in wounds and depression in order to improve patient care. The English literature on wound healing, inflammatory and microbial changes in chronic wounds and depression, and antiinflammatory and probiotic therapy was reviewed on PubMed. Chronic wound conditions and depression were demonstrated to share common pathologic features of dysregulated inflammation and altered microbiome, indicating a possible relationship. Furthermore, alternative treatment strategies such as immune-targeted and probiotic therapy showed promising potential by addressing both pathophysiological pathways. However, many existing studies are limited to a small study population, a cross-sectional design that does not establish temporality, or a wide range of confounding variables in the context of a highly complex and multifactorial disease process. Therefore, additional preclinical studies in suitable wound models, as well as larger clinical cohort studies and trials are necessary to elucidate the relationship between wound microbiome, healing, and depression, and ultimately guide the most effective therapeutic and management plan for chronic wound patients.

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“…In fact, it has been reported that psoriasis is associated with a 39% increase in depression and 31% increase in anxiety [120], while a recent population-based cohort study revealed that the highest risk for depression occurred for mid-aged patients with severe forms of psoriasis and patients with a prior history of depression [121]. Moreover, the cytokine theory of depression suggests that depression and other mental disorders have hormonal and biochemical components, and might involve inflammation processes [122]. This was, for example, supported by studies of 5-HTT and cytokines expression in blood of depressed patients compared to healthy controls, with results showing an increase in the mRNA levels of SERT, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α [123].…”

Section: The Role Of Serotonin In Psoriasismentioning

confidence: 99%

The Brain–Skin Connection and the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis: A Review with a Focus on the Serotonergic System

Martins¹,

Ascenso²,

Ribeiro³

et al. 2020

Cells

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Psoriasis is a common non-communicable chronic immune-mediated skin disease, affecting approximately 125 million people in the world. Its pathogenesis results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The pathogenesis of psoriasis seems to be driven by the interaction between innate immune cells, adaptive immune cells and keratinocytes, in a process mediated by cytokines (including interleukins (IL)-6, IL-17 and IL-22, interferon and tumor necrosis factor) and other signaling molecules. This leads to an inflammatory process with increased proliferation of epidermal cells, neo-angiogenesis and infiltration of dendritic cells in the skin. Dysfunctional de novo glucocorticoid synthesis in psoriatic keratinocytes and the skin microbiome have also been suggested as mediators in the pathogenesis of this disease. To understand psoriasis, it is essential to comprehend the processes underlying the skin immunity and neuroendocrinology. This review paper focuses on the skin as a neuroendocrine organ and summarizes what is known about the skin immune system, the brain–skin connection and the role played by the serotonergic system in skin. Subsequently, the alterations of neuroimmune processes and of the serotonergic system in psoriatic skin are discussed, as well as, briefly, the genetic basis of psoriasis.

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The anti-inflammatory mechanism of antidepressants – SSRIs, SNRIs

Cited by 138 publications

References 54 publications

Inflammation and post‐traumatic stress disorder

Inflammation and post‐traumatic stress disorder

Microbiome‐skin‐brain axis: A novel paradigm for cutaneous wounds

The Brain–Skin Connection and the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis: A Review with a Focus on the Serotonergic System

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