The Antarctic ozone hole during 2010

Klekociuk, Andrew; Tully, Matthew B.; Alexander, Simon P.; Dargaville, Roger; Deschamps, L.L.; Fraser, Paul J.; Gies, H. P.; Henderson, Stuart; Javorniczky, John; Krummel, Paul B.; Petelina, S. V.; Shanklin, Jonathan; Siddaway, J. M.; Stone, Kane

doi:10.22499/2.6104.006

Cited by 27 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…We focus on a description of meteorological conditions and their relation to the overall level of Antarctic ozone depletion in 2011. This work complements analyses of earlier Antarctic ozone holes reported by Tully et al ( , 2011 and Klekociuk et al (2011).…”

Section: Daily Maximum Areasupporting

confidence: 75%

“…4(a), ozone hole area metrics are provided for three partial columns in the lower stratosphere, mid-stratosphere and full stratosphere (denoted as 'low', 'mid' and 'full' partial columns respectively) based on measurements by the Aura MLS instrument during 2010 and 2011. As apparent from Table 1, ozone depletion in 2010 was relatively benign, and as suggested by Klekociuk et al (2011), this was the result of the polar vortex being relatively warm and weak. MLS provides height-resolved ozone information during day and night, and is thus able to measure the portion of the vortex that is within continuous darkness during winter and spring and inaccessible to the OMI instrument.…”

Section: Mls Partial Columnsmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…12 with similar time-height sections for 2010 shown in Fig 6. of Klekociuk et al (2011), it can be seen that while dynamical activity in this region was generally more consistent in 2011 compared with 2010, strong events of the size seen in July 2010 were absent in 2011. Indeed, the dynamical events in 2011 evidently did not start to significantly penetrate into the polar cap region until mid-September, as evident by comparing Figs 12(a) and 12(b).…”

Section: Wave Activitymentioning

confidence: 86%

“…9(a)), most notably at all of the three levels shown in October. From comparison with Klekociuk et al (2011), temperatures in the Antarctic lower stratosphere were generally cooler in 2011 compared with 2010, particularly at and above the 50 hPa level in the period July to October. During 2011, the NCEP standardised 30 hPa QuasiBiennial Oscillation (QBO) index (www.cpc.ncep.noaa.…”

Section: Polar Temperatures and Atmospheric Indicesmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Figure 10 shows the time-height temperature cross section above the South Pole during 2011 from the Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator (ACCESS) numerical weather prediction (NWP) analysis on the global domain (ACCESS-G). The overall evolution of the South Pole Klekociuk et al (2011) it can be seen that temperatures in the lower stratosphere (pressures lower than 100 hPa in the figure) were colder in winter and early spring than in 2010; this is particularly evident by examining the extent of the 195 K contour. A short warming occurred in early October (shown by the period of temperatures above 205 K at 100 hPa), followed by a few weeks of relatively stable temperatures, and then a progressive warming from early November.…”

Section: Polar Temperatures and Atmospheric Indicesmentioning

confidence: 93%

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The Antarctic ozone hole during 2011

Klekociuk¹,

Tully²,

Krummel³

et al. 2014

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The Antarctic ozone hole of 2011 is reviewed from a variety of perspectives, making use of various data and analyses. The ozone hole of 2011 was relatively large in terms of maximum area, minimum ozone level and total ozone deficit, being ranked amongst the top ten in terms of severity of the 32 ozone holes adequately characterised since 1979. In particular, the estimated integrated ozone mass effectively removed within the ozone hole of 2011 was 2119 Mt, which is the 7th largest deficit on record and 82 per cent of the peak value observed in 2006. The key factors in promoting the extent of Antarctic ozone loss in 2011 were the relatively low temperatures that occurred in the lower stratosphere of the polar cap region over most of the year, and the fact that the stratospheric vortex was relatively strong and stable, at least up to mid-spring. Dynamical disturbance of the polar vortex from mid-spring increased Antarctic ozone levels in the latter part of the ozone hole's evolution and helped to limit the overall severity of depletion. Through examination of regression of various ozone metrics against expected levels of equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine, we suggest that recent changes in averaged ozone levels over Antarctica show some evidence of the recovery expected due to international controls on the manufacture of ozone depleting chemicals, albeit at a statistically low level of confidence due to the influence of meteorological factors that largely dictate year-to-year variability of Antarctic ozone loss.

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Section: Daily Maximum Areasupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Mls Partial Columnsmentioning

confidence: 74%

Section: Wave Activitymentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Polar Temperatures and Atmospheric Indicesmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Polar Temperatures and Atmospheric Indicesmentioning

confidence: 93%

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The Antarctic ozone hole during 2011

Klekociuk¹,

Tully²,

Krummel³

et al. 2014

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Methyl chloride from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder: First global climatology and assessment of variability in the upper troposphere and stratosphere

et al. 2013

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[1] Methyl chloride (CH 3 Cl) is by far the largest natural carrier of chlorine to the stratosphere. Its importance in stratospheric ozone chemistry is expected to increase in the coming decades as emission controls alter the relative contributions from natural and anthropogenic halogen sources. The Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on NASA's Aura satellite provides the first daily global observations of CH 3 Cl. Here we quantify the quality of the MLS version 3 CH 3 Cl data (single-profile precision of˙100 pptv; accuracy of 30-45%; vertical and horizontal resolution of 4-5 km and 450-600 km, respectively) and demonstrate their utility for scientific studies over the vertical range from 147 to 4.6 hPa. We exploit the unmatched scope of the 8 year MLS data set to investigate the spatial, seasonal, and interannual variations in the distribution of CH 3 Cl in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS). Like carbon monoxide, CH 3 Cl is a marker of pollution from biomass burning that can be lofted to the UTLS very rapidly by deep convection. The climatological seasonal cycle in CH 3 Cl reflects variability in regional fire activity and other surface sources as well as convection, and anomalous CH 3 Cl enhancements in the tropical upper troposphere are linked to specific episodes of intense burning. Methyl chloride is shown to be very useful as a tracer of large-scale dynamical processes, such as diabatic descent inside the stratospheric winter polar vortices, quasi-isentropic cross-tropopause transport associated with the summer monsoon circulations, and effects related to the quasi-biennial oscillation and the tropical "tape recorder".

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A quantitative measure of polar vortex strength using the function M

Smith

McDonald

2014

JGR Atmospheres

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Changes in the dynamics of the stratospheric polar vortices can significantly affect the composition of air in the polar stratosphere, with the dynamics of the vortex barrier being particularly important. The "Function M" is a recently proposed measure for quantifying transport in dynamical systems. We show that it can be used not only to visualize the structure of the stratospheric polar region in detail but also to provide a basis for quantitative measures capturing important aspects of vortex dynamics. Two such measures have been calculated daily for August-October 2009 and 2010 in the Southern Hemisphere for potential temperatures of 600, 700, and 900 K, as well as for three different Northern Hemisphere winter periods for 900 K. We discuss a measure of vortex barrier strength and permeability based on the average value of the function M near the vortex edge. The second measure, associated with vortex barrier area, is obtained by calculating the area associated with values of M above a threshold. Both measures are found to be potentially useful, with the area-based measure providing the most convincing results. The measures are based on a Lagrangian framework and follow the vortex edge, allowing periods when the vortex retains its dynamical integrity to be identified even when the vortex is greatly distorted. We also discuss a strong linear correlation near the vortex edge between values of the function M calculated over different time periods, suggesting that the structure of the polar vortex is coherent over periods of at least 30 days.

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The Antarctic ozone hole during 2010

Cited by 27 publications

References 47 publications

The Antarctic ozone hole during 2011

The Antarctic ozone hole during 2011

Methyl chloride from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder: First global climatology and assessment of variability in the upper troposphere and stratosphere

A quantitative measure of polar vortex strength using the function M

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