The anisotropy of osteonal bone and its ultrastructural implications

Turner, Charles H.; Chandran, A.; Pidaparti, Ramana M.

doi:10.1016/8756-3282(95)00148-7

Cited by 148 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Studies of collagen orientation in the lamella of osteons suggest a "rotated plywood" model (Wagner and Weiner, 1992) for osteonal bone that alludes to deviations from orthotropy in cortical bone elastic properties (Turner et al, 1995). The implications of deviations from orthotropy for lamella in the walls of single osteons is not clear for larger structural regions of bones like the mandible, where the cortex is constructed of complex combinations of primary and secondary bone, including osteons of undescribed overall shape, and interstitial bone.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elastic properties and masticatory bone stress in the Macaque mandible

Dechow

Hylander

2000

Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.

123

113

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One important limitation of mechanical analyses with strain gages is the difficulty in directly estimating patterns of stress or loading in skeletal elements from strain measurements. Because of the inherent anisotropy in cortical bone, orientation of principal strains and stresses do not necessarily coincide, and it has been demonstrated theoretically that such differences may be as great as 45 degrees (Cowin and Hart, 1990). Likewise, relative proportions of stress and strain magnitudes may differ. This investigation measured the elastic properties of a region of cortical bone on both the buccal and lingual surfaces of the lower border of the macaque mandible. The elastic property data was then combined with macaque mandibular strain data from published and a new in vivo strain gage experiment to determine directions and magnitudes of maximum and minimum principal stresses. The goal was to compare the stresses and strains and assess the differences in orientation and relative magnitude between them. The main question was whether these differences might lead to different interpretations of mandibular function. Elastic and shear moduli, and Poisson's ratios were measured using an ultrasonic technique from buccal and lingual cortical surfaces in 12 macaque mandibles. Mandibular strain gage data were taken from a published set of experiments (Hylander, 1979), and from a new experiment in which rosette strain gauges were fixed to the buccal and lingual cortices of the mandibular corpus of an adult female Macaca fascicularis, after which bone strain was recorded during mastication. Averaged elastic properties were combined with strain data to calculate an estimate of stresses in the mandibular corpus. The elastic properties were similar to those of the human mandibular cortex. Near its lower border, the macaque mandible was most stiff in a longitudinal direction, less stiff in an inferosuperior direction, and least stiff in a direction normal to the bone's surface. The lingual aspect of the mandible was slightly stiffer than the buccal aspect. Magnitudes of stresses calculated from average strains ranged from a compressive stress of -16.00 GPa to a tensile stress of 8.84 GPa. The orientation of the principal stresses depended on whether the strain gage site was on the working or balancing side. On the balancing side of the mandibles, maximum principal stresses were oriented nearly perpendicular to the lower border of the mandible. On the working side of the mandibles, the orientation of the maximum principal stresses was more variable than on the balancing side, indicating a larger range of possible mechanisms of loading. Near the lower border of the mandible, differences between the orientation of stresses and strains were 12 degrees or less. Compared to ratios between maximum and minimum strains, ratios between maximum and minimum stresses were more divergent from a ratio of 1.0. Results did not provide any major reinterpretations of mandibular function in macaques, but rather confirmed and extended existing work. ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elastic properties and masticatory bone stress in the Macaque mandible

Dechow

Hylander

2000

Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.

123

113

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“…edu tion methods were used: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid for demineralization; sodium hypochlorite, collagenase, or chick osteoclast for "etching" the surface; hydrazine or ethylene diamine for deprotein. 9,10,[17][18][19] However, the inherent structure of collagen fibrils and hydroxyapatite crystallites may be disturbed when the components are removed. An alternative way of preserving lamellar structure is using physical force such as polishing or ultramicrotomizing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atomic force microscopy and nanoindentation characterization of human lamellar bone prepared by microtome sectioning and mechanical polishing technique

Rho

Mishra

et al. 2003

J Biomedical Materials Res

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Surface topography, microstructure, and micromechanical properties of human lamellar bone were characterized by atomic force microscopy and nanoindentation. The lamellar bone surfaces were prepared by two different methods: microtome sectioning and mechanical polishing. The lamellar bone surfaces prepared by mechanical polishing revealed that thin lamellae formed depressions approximately 200 nm deep, whereas the surfaces prepared by microtome sectioning were flat. Atomic force microscopy surface topographic images at higher magnification showed differences between thick and thin lamellae in polished samples, but these differences were less pronounced in microtomed samples. Roughness measurements confirmed that there was a significant difference between thick (21.0 nm) and thin lamellae (8.3 nm) in polished samples (p < 0.001). The difference in surface roughness between thick (13.9 nm) and thin lamellae (12.7 nm) in microtomed sample was statistically insignificant (p = 0.74). Higher elastic modulus values were observed for thick lamella in microtomed samples compared with that of thin lamellae, whereas measured elastic modulus differences between thick and thin lamellae in polished samples were found to be statistically insignificant.

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“…Some of these processes include geophysical explorations of the Earth's interior, 2-5 development of plastic deformation in crystals, 6 enhanced positively charged defect mobility, 7 microscale cracking in ceramics, 8 alignment or misalignment of quantum dots, 9 mechanical properties of nickel-based superalloys, 10 fluid transport in poroelastic materials, 11 focusing of phonons in crystallites, 12 ultrastructural properties of osteonal bone, 13 texture in nanoscale shape-memory alloys, 14 and plastic relaxation in thin-film metallics. 15 Thus, it is crucial to be able to quantify the elastic anisotropy to observe effects on these and many other processes for a variety of materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elastic anisotropy of crystals

2016

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An anisotropy index seeks to quantify how directionally dependent the properties of a system are. In this article, the focus is on quantifying the elastic anisotropy of crystalline materials. Previous elastic anisotropy indices are reviewed and their shortcomings discussed. A new scalar log-Euclidean anisotropy measure AL is proposed, which overcomes these deficiencies. It is based on a distance measure in a log-Euclidean space applied to fourth-rank elastic tensors. AL is an absolute measure of anisotropy where the limiting case of perfect isotropy yields zero. It is a universal measure of anisotropy applicable to all crystalline materials. Specific examples of strong anisotropy are highlighted. A supplementary material provides an anisotropy table giving the values of AL for 2,176 crystallite compounds.

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The anisotropy of osteonal bone and its ultrastructural implications

Cited by 148 publications

References 23 publications

Elastic properties and masticatory bone stress in the Macaque mandible

Elastic properties and masticatory bone stress in the Macaque mandible

Atomic force microscopy and nanoindentation characterization of human lamellar bone prepared by microtome sectioning and mechanical polishing technique

Elastic anisotropy of crystals

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