The Angouran Zn (Pb) deposit, NW Iran: Evidence for a two stage, hypogene zinc sulfide–zinc carbonate mineralization

Daliran, Farahnaz; Pride, Ken; Walther, Johannes; Berner, Zsolt; Bakker, Ronald J.

doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2013.02.002

Cited by 45 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Franklin and Sterling Hill in USA;Johnson et al 1990) and iii) secondary low-temperature (<100 °C) Zn carbonate deposits (e.g. Angouran in Iran, Boni et al 2007;Daliran et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and origin of low-T willemite (Zn2SiO4) mineralization: the case of the Bou Arhous deposit (High Atlas, Morocco)

et al. 2016

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International audienceWillemite (Zn2SiO4) usually reported in hypogene non-sulfide deposits is described as the main ore mineral in the carbonate-hosted Bou Arhous zinc deposit. This deposit is located in the High Atlas intracontinental range that formed during the Tertiary. Based on a set of microscopic observations, it was possible to establish that willemite replaces primary sphalerite. On the basis of cathodoluminescence imaging, three successive generations of willemite are distinguished, with evidence of dissolution–reprecipitation processes. Willemite is also variably enriched in Ge (up to 1000 ppm), while Ge contents lower than 100 ppm are reported in the primary sulfide minerals. Depending on the willemite generation, this substitution was positively or negatively correlated to the Zn-Pb substitution. According to the nature of zoning (sector versus oscillatory), the incorporation of Ge was either controlled by crystallographic factors or by the nature of the mineralizing fluids. Willemite is associated with other oxidation-related mineral species, like cerussite (PbCO3) but is not in isotopic equilibrium and therefore not considered to be cogenetic. Oxygen isotope compositions support the formation of willemite at temperatures below 130 °C, from mixed meteoric and deeper, hydrothermal fluids. The formation of the High Atlas Belt during the Tertiary has contributed to the exhumation of the sulfide minerals and the development of vertical conduits for percolation of meteoric water and ascending hydrothermal fluids. In addition to a local contribution of silicate minerals of the host limestone, hydrothermal fluids probably transported Si and Ge that are incorporated in willemite

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“…Franklin and Sterling Hill in USA;Johnson et al 1990) and iii) secondary low-temperature (<100 °C) Zn carbonate deposits (e.g. Angouran in Iran, Boni et al 2007;Daliran et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and origin of low-T willemite (Zn2SiO4) mineralization: the case of the Bou Arhous deposit (High Atlas, Morocco)

et al. 2016

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“…Consequently, it was suggested that these kinds of Zn-carbonates were formed in a low-temperature hydrothermal system, most probably related to several stages of Tertiary-Quaternary volcanic activity. The co-precipitation of smithsonite with galena, pyrite, and arsenopyrite [4,6], as well as the absence of Fe-and Mn-oxides/hydroxides and of any discernible oxidation or dissolution of the primary sulfide ore, shows that the fluids responsible for the stage I carbonate ores were relatively reduced, and close to neutral to slightly basic pH with high f CO 2 . The carbon did not originate locally from the Angouran marble wall-rock bearing δ 13 C values of +2 , but from a deeper, hotter source [4,15].…”

Section: Iranmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Podiform chromite ores, Ni-Co laterites, and bauxites have been also locally identified [1,2]. Along with the above-mentioned ores, the "Zn-nonsulfides" mineralization type is well represented in the entire area, with major occurrences in Iran, Turkey, and Yemen [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When mineralogical and petrographic studies alone are not sufficient to reveal their supergene or hypogene origin, stable isotope data of carbonate minerals contained within nonsulfide deposits yield valuable information on the mineralization temperatures, on the origin and evolution of ore-forming fluids, on the mechanisms of ore deposition, and on wall-rock alteration patterns [15]. Oxygen and carbon isotope data of carbonate minerals have already been published for several nonsulfide deposits in the Middle East, as Hakkari in Turkey [8,11], Angouran [4,6], Mehdi Abad [5], Irankuh [5], and Chah-Talkh [16] in Iran, as well as Jabali in Yemen [10] ( Figure 1). In this short note, we compare the carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of several nonsulfide Zn deposits and prospects throughout the Middle East.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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C–O Stable Isotope Geochemistry of Carbonate Minerals in the Nonsulfide Zinc Deposits of the Middle East: A Review

et al. 2017

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Zinc nonsulfides are well represented in the Middle East, with occurrences in Turkey, Iran, and Yemen. Their genesis can be constrained by using carbon and oxygen isotope systematics applied to carbonate minerals. The δ 13 C ratios of smithsonite and hydrozincite in Iran and Turkey are comprised in the typical interval of supergene Zn carbonates (−0.4 and −7.1 V-PDB). The oxygen isotope geochemistry is more complex. Oxygen isotope compositions of smithsonite of the Hakkari deposit (Turkey) (δ 18 O from 24.2 to 25.6 V-SMOW) point to precipitation temperatures between~4 and~18 • C, corresponding to a normal weathering environment at these latitudes, whereas δ 18 O of smithsonite from other Middle East deposits (Angouran in Iran, Jabali in Yemen) point to the precipitation from low-to medium-temperature hydrothermal fluids. The C-O isotopic compositions of hydrozincite from the Mehdi Abad, Irankuh, and Chah-Talkh deposits can be only partially compared with those of smithsonite, because the oxygen isotopes fractionation equation for hydrozincite-water is not known. A comparison between the geochemical characteristics of all Zn-nonsulfide ores in the Middle East indicates that, even though several mineral deposits are derived from supergene weathering processes, other ones have been deposited from fluids associated with magmatic activity (Angouran, Iran) or with hydrothermal systems (Jabali, Yemen). This suggests that it is not possible to apply a common interpretative model to the genesis of all nonsulfide deposits in the Middle East.

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“…In the LK region, the contact zone between fluorite mineralization and host rocks is relatively sharp, with no significant alteration. Therefore, it revealed that the structural features have probably played an important role during penetration of low pH meteoric waters and then uprising F-rich fluids that responsible for the deposition of the fluorite and Zn-Pb as well (Gilg et al, 2006a;Daliran et al, 2013). The litho-type of the LK region comprises of two distinct groups: the first group consists of the Precambrian basement that can be divided into two forms including the metamorphic and nonmetamorphic sequences and the second one is the young sedimentary succession.…”

Section: Structural Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of the structures on the fluorite mineralization: Insight to fluid inclusion and alteration map of the Laal-kan fluorite deposit, NW Iran

Behyari¹

2020

Acta Geodynamica Et Geomaterialia

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Fluorite mineralization is controlled by the multiple geological processes such as structural control, geochemical characterization of hydrothermal fluids, temperature and depth. The mineralization associated with the alteration of the host rocks and trapping of fluid in the host rock crystallographic defects. Alteration in the host rocks due to circulation of hydrothermal fluids and several techniques were applied to discriminate the associated alterations in fluorite deposition using the ASTER images. The resulting images indicated that the fluorite mineralization in the studied area accompanied by propylitic and phyllic alterations. The results of micro-thermometry analysis of the fluorite hosted fluid inclusions indicated that the maximum homogenization temperature was 253 °C. These data implies that the temperature of hydrothermal fluids probably had an essential role in the propagation of the alteration zones. The depth versus homogenization temperature diagram for fluorite mineralization in the studied district revealed that the depth of fluorite mineralization varies between 33 to 256 m. Two fluorite generations were distinguishing in the study district. The first generation is characterized by high salinity (18-25 wt.% NaCl) which developed on the deeper level and along the fault zone. The second generation is characterized by low salinity (6-13 wt.% NaCl) on shallow depth and deposited in the fractures. The results revealed that fluorite deposition was not contemporaneous with host rock deformation and deposited in the late-stage deformation phase.

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The Angouran Zn (Pb) deposit, NW Iran: Evidence for a two stage, hypogene zinc sulfide–zinc carbonate mineralization

Cited by 45 publications

References 27 publications

Characterization and origin of low-T willemite (Zn2SiO4) mineralization: the case of the Bou Arhous deposit (High Atlas, Morocco)

Characterization and origin of low-T willemite (Zn2SiO4) mineralization: the case of the Bou Arhous deposit (High Atlas, Morocco)

C–O Stable Isotope Geochemistry of Carbonate Minerals in the Nonsulfide Zinc Deposits of the Middle East: A Review

The role of the structures on the fluorite mineralization: Insight to fluid inclusion and alteration map of the Laal-kan fluorite deposit, NW Iran

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